AP®︎ Statistics (pre-2026): Topic 5.4 Flashcards

Master key terms and definitions for Topic 5.4 of AP Statistics (pre-2026) – Biased and Unbiased Point Estimates to help you prep for quizzes and the AP exam.

This course has been archived. The College Board updated AP Statistics for the 2026–27 school year, and the units and topics changed.
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Term

Point Estimator

Definition

A sample statistic used to estimate a population parameter.

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Point Estimator
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A sample statistic used to estimate a population parameter.

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Point Estimate
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The single numerical value of a statistic from one sample.

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Unbiased Estimator
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A statistic whose sampling distribution is centered at the true parameter.

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Biased Estimator
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A statistic whose sampling distribution is not centered at the true parameter.

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Sampling Distribution
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The distribution of a statistic from all possible samples of the same size.

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Variability of an Estimator
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The amount sample estimates differ from one sample to another.

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Sampling Error
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The natural difference between a sample statistic and the true population parameter.

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Sample Size and Variability
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Larger samples produce less spread in the sampling distribution and more precise estimates.

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Sample Mean as an Estimator of Population Mean
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x-bar estimates mu and is unbiased because its mean equals mu.

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Sample Proportion as an Estimator of Population Proportion
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p-hat estimates p and is unbiased because its mean equals p.

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Good Estimator
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An estimator with little bias and low variability across repeated samples.

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