AP®︎ Biology: Topic 5.4 Flashcards

Master key terms and definitions for Topic 5.4 of AP Biology – Non-Mendelian Genetics to help you prep for quizzes and the AP exam.

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Term

Non-Mendelian Inheritance

Definition

Inheritance patterns that do not match classic Mendelian dominant-recessive ratios.

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Non-Mendelian Inheritance
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Inheritance patterns that do not match classic Mendelian dominant-recessive ratios.

5.4.A
Chi-Square Test for Inheritance Patterns
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Compares observed offspring ratios to expected ratios to test whether differences are due to chance.

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Multiple Alleles
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A gene has more than two possible allelic forms in a population.

5.4.A
Genetically Linked Genes
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Genes on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together unless crossing over separates them.

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Incomplete Dominance
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Neither allele fully masks the other, so heterozygotes show an intermediate blended phenotype.

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Codominance
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Both alleles are fully expressed in a heterozygote, producing a phenotype distinct from either homozygote.

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Incomplete Dominance vs. Codominance
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Incomplete dominance shows blending; codominance shows both alleles expressed side by side.

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Pedigree Analysis for Sex-Linked Traits
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Use family inheritance patterns to infer whether a trait is X-linked or Y-linked.

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Alternative Sex Determination Systems
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Examples include XY, ZW, and haplodiploidy, which determine sex by different chromosome systems.

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Pleiotropy
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One gene influences multiple distinct phenotypic traits or effects.

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Gene Mapping and Recombination Frequency
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Uses recombinant offspring percentages to estimate distances between linked genes on chromosomes.

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Sex-Linked Traits and X-Linked Inheritance
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Traits on sex chromosomes, with X-linked recessive alleles expressed more often in XY individuals.

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Non-Nuclear Inheritance
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Traits encoded by mitochondrial or chloroplast DNA usually show maternal inheritance patterns.

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