AP®︎ Biology: Topic 1.2 Flashcards

Master key terms and definitions for Topic 1.2 of AP Biology – Elements of Life to help you prep for quizzes and the AP exam.

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Term

CHNOPS

Definition

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur are the six key elements of life.

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CHNOPS
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Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur are the six key elements of life.

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Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in Biological Molecules
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These are the most prevalent elements in carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

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Macromolecule Element Composition
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Carbohydrates: CHO; proteins: CHONS; lipids: mostly CHO, phospholipids include P; nucleic acids: CHONP.

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Carbon Tetravalence
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Carbon has four valence electrons and can form four covalent bonds.

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Carbon Skeleton
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A chain or ring of bonded carbon atoms that forms an organic molecule's framework.

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Nitrogen in Biological Molecules
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Nitrogen is found in amino groups and is required in proteins and nucleic acids.

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Phosphorus in Biological Molecules
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Phosphorus is part of phosphate groups in nucleic acids and phospholipids.

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Sulfur in Biological Molecules
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Sulfur occurs in some amino acids and is used in building proteins.

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Functional Groups
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Specific atom groups attached to carbon skeletons that determine molecular properties and include hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and sulfhydryl.

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