AP®︎ Biology: Topic 5.1 Flashcards

A two-division process that produces four haploid gametes from one diploid cell.

Diploid cells have two chromosome sets; haploid cells have one chromosome set.

Homologs pair, synapsis and crossing over occur, spindle forms, and nuclear envelope breaks down.

The pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.

Visible crossover points where nonsister chromatids of homologs exchange DNA.

Exchange of DNA between nonsister chromatids that creates new allele combinations.

Homologous chromosome pairs line up together at the cell's equator.

Homologous chromosomes separate to opposite poles while sister chromatids remain joined.

Chromosomes reach poles, nuclei may reform, and two haploid cells are produced.

A spindle forms in each haploid cell, and chromosomes attach for the second division.

Individual chromosomes align at the metaphase plate in each haploid cell.

Centromeres split and sister chromatids separate toward opposite poles.

Nuclei reform, chromosomes decondense, and four haploid cells with unduplicated chromosomes form.

Homologs are matching maternal and paternal chromosomes; sister chromatids are identical copies of one chromosome.

A microtubule structure that attaches to chromosomes and moves them during cell division.

A protein structure at the centromere where spindle microtubules attach.

Meiosis has two divisions and makes four unique haploid cells; mitosis makes two identical diploid cells.

Fusion of two haploid gametes restores the diploid chromosome number in offspring.

The first division separates homologous chromosomes and halves chromosome number; the second separates sister chromatids.

Variation arises from crossing over, independent assortment in metaphase I, and random fertilization.

A maternal and paternal chromosome pair with the same genes at corresponding loci.

Division of the cytoplasm that physically separates daughter cells after nuclear division.