AP®︎ Biology: Topic 6.5 Flashcards

Master key terms and definitions for Topic 6.5 of AP Biology – Regulation of Gene Expression to help you prep for quizzes and the AP exam.

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Term

Gene Regulation

Definition

Control of which genes are expressed, when they are expressed, and at what levels.

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Gene Regulation
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Control of which genes are expressed, when they are expressed, and at what levels.

6.5.A
Regulatory Sequences
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DNA stretches that bind regulatory proteins and control transcription of nearby or distant genes.

6.5.A6.5.A.1
Promoter
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DNA site where RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind to begin transcription.

6.5.B
Enhancers and Silencers
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DNA elements that increase or decrease transcription when bound by regulatory proteins.

6.5.B
Operator
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Prokaryotic DNA sequence where a repressor binds to block transcription of an operon.

6.5.B6.5.B.1
Transcription Factors
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Regulatory proteins that bind specific DNA sequences to activate or repress transcription.

6.5.A
Constitutive vs. Inducible Expression
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Constitutive genes are always expressed; inducible genes are activated only under certain conditions.

6.5.A6.5.A.1
Epigenetics
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Heritable changes in gene expression caused by chromatin or DNA modifications, not DNA sequence changes.

6.5.A6.5.A.2
DNA Methylation
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Addition of methyl groups to DNA, usually reducing transcription and silencing genes.

6.5.A6.5.A.2
Histone Modifications
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Chemical changes to histone proteins that loosen or tighten chromatin and alter transcription.

6.5.A6.5.A.2
Phenotype and Gene Expression
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Traits result from which genes are expressed and the amount of each gene product made.

6.5.A6.5.A.3
Sequential Gene Expression During Development
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Ordered activation of genes during development, often triggered by earlier transcription factors.

6.5.A6.5.A.3
Operon
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Cluster of prokaryotic genes transcribed together from one promoter and regulated as a unit.

6.5.B6.5.B.1
Inducible vs. Repressible Operons
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Inducible systems are usually off and turned on; repressible systems are usually on and turned off.

6.5.B6.5.B.1
Lac Operon
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An inducible operon for lactose metabolism that is activated when lactose inactivates the repressor.

6.5.B6.5.B.1
Trp Operon
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A repressible operon for tryptophan synthesis that is shut off when tryptophan activates the repressor.

6.5.B6.5.B.1
Coordinated Gene Regulation
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Control of multiple related genes so they are expressed together in response to shared signals.

6.5.B6.5.B.1
Shared Transcription Factors in Eukaryotes
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Common regulatory proteins that bind similar control sequences in multiple genes to coordinate expression.

6.5.B6.5.B.1
Cell Differentiation and Tissue-Specific Proteins
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Cells become specialized by expressing tissue-specific proteins needed for their particular functions.

6.5.A6.5.A.3