AP®︎ Biology: Topic 5.2 Flashcards

Master key terms and definitions for Topic 5.2 of AP Biology – Meiosis and Genetic Diversity to help you prep for quizzes and the AP exam.

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Term

Crossing Over / Recombination

Definition

Non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange corresponding DNA segments during prophase I.

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Crossing Over / Recombination
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Non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange corresponding DNA segments during prophase I.

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Independent Assortment
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Homologous chromosome pairs align randomly in meiosis, producing different maternal-paternal chromosome combinations in gametes.

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Homologous Chromosomes
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A maternal and paternal chromosome pair with the same genes at the same loci.

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Meiosis I vs. Meiosis II Separation
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Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes; meiosis II separates sister chromatids.

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Nondisjunction in Meiosis I vs. Meiosis II
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In meiosis I all four gametes are abnormal; in meiosis II only two are abnormal.

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2^n Rule for Independent Assortment
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The number of chromosome combinations in gametes equals 2^n, where n is haploid number.

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Haploid Gamete Formation
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Correct meiosis produces haploid gametes containing one chromosome from each homologous pair.

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Nondisjunction
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Failure of chromosome separation in meiosis produces gametes with extra or missing chromosomes.

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Aneuploidy
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An abnormal chromosome number caused by chromosome gain or loss, including trisomy or monosomy.

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Sexual Reproduction and Genetic Variation
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Crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization increase genetic variation in offspring.

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Prophase I
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The first meiotic stage when homologous chromosomes pair and crossing over occurs.

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Sister Chromatids
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Identical copies of a chromosome joined together until they separate in meiosis II.

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