AP®︎ Biology: Topic 4.2 Flashcards

A signaling molecule that binds specifically to a receptor protein on or in a target cell.

A protein that binds a specific signal and initiates a cellular change.

The receptor region that specifically recognizes and binds a particular chemical messenger.

Membrane receptors bind external signals; intracellular receptors bind signals inside the cell.

A shape change in a receptor that starts intracellular signaling after ligand binding.

Seven-pass membrane receptors that activate G proteins to relay external signals inward.

A sequence of protein activations caused by adding phosphate groups at each step.

One signaling event activates many molecules, producing a much larger cellular effect.

Small intracellular molecules that relay and amplify signals from activated receptors.

A common second messenger that activates intracellular proteins and amplifies signaling.

Outcomes include cell growth, molecule secretion, gene expression, or altered enzyme activity.

Chemical messengers that travel long distances through the bloodstream to target cells.

Membrane channels that open or close when a signaling molecule binds.

A series of reception, transduction, and response steps linking a signal to cellular change.