AP®︎ Biology: Topic 6.7 Flashcards
Master key terms and definitions for Topic 6.7 of AP Biology – Mutations to help you prep for quizzes and the AP exam.
Mutation
A heritable change in DNA sequence that can alter gene product or phenotype.
A heritable change in DNA sequence that can alter gene product or phenotype.
A change in one nucleotide pair, usually by substitution of one base for another.
Insertion adds bases, deletion removes bases, and frameshift shifts codon reading when bases are not in threes.
A base substitution that creates a premature stop codon, producing a shortened polypeptide.
A DNA change that does not alter the amino acid sequence of the protein.
Altered DNA can change RNA or protein type or amount, producing different observable traits.
Coding changes can alter protein sequence, while regulatory changes can alter when or how much is made.
Mistakes during copying or correction of DNA can introduce random sequence changes.
External agents such as radiation and reactive chemicals that increase the rate of DNA mutations.
Failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division.
Aneuploidy is an abnormal chromosome number; triploidy is three complete chromosome sets.
Having more than two complete sets of chromosomes, often affecting vigor or fertility.
Deletions remove segments, duplications repeat them, inversions reverse them, and translocations move them elsewhere.
DNA uptake, viral DNA transfer, direct cell-to-cell DNA transfer, and movement of DNA segments.
Mixing of genetic material between related viruses that infect the same host cell.
Conserved mechanisms like mutation, meiosis, crossing over, and gene transfer that generate heritable diversity.
A disorder caused by CFTR mutations that disrupt ion transport across cell membranes.
A dark-fur phenotype caused by mutation that improves camouflage in dark environments.
A beta-globin mutation causing sickled red blood cells, harmful overall but advantageous against malaria when heterozygous.
A DNA change may be beneficial, harmful, or neutral depending on environmental conditions.
Heritable DNA changes create variation that natural selection can increase or decrease.
A base substitution that changes one amino acid in a polypeptide sequence.
