AP®︎ World History: Unit 3 Flashcards

An empire whose power rests mainly on large, connected territories rather than distant overseas colonies

The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires, Islamic land empires that combined firearms and artillery with older military forces

Cannons, firearms, and field artillery that strengthened sieges and infantry but required substantial revenue, supplies, and skilled labor

Using organized military force to protect merchants, control routes or goods, and compel favorable commercial relations

Sunni land empire centered in Anatolia that used gunpowder forces to expand into southeastern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa

Ottoman sultan who conquered Constantinople in 1453 using siege artillery, ending the Byzantine Empire

The 1453 Ottoman capture of the Byzantine capital; artillery helped breach its walls, and the city became the Ottoman capital

Ottoman sultan from 1520 to 1566 who expanded into Hungary and the Mediterranean and reached Vienna

Ottoman levy of Christian boys who were converted, trained, and placed in the sultan’s military or household administration

Elite salaried Ottoman infantry, originally recruited largely through devshirme, whose firearms and palace loyalty strengthened the sultan

Ottoman system granting recognized religious communities limited self-government under their own leaders and laws in exchange for loyalty and taxes

System in which a collector paid the state for collection rights, then kept revenue collected above the agreed amount

Persian land empire founded by Shah Ismail that adopted Twelver Shi'a Islam and competed with the Ottomans and Mughals

Founder of the Safavid Empire who captured Tabriz in 1501, declared himself shah, and established Twelver Shi’a Islam as the state religion

Branch of Shi’a Islam recognizing a line of twelve imams, the last of whom is believed to be hidden and destined to return

Safavid ruler who strengthened the monarchy, expanded the ghulam corps, reformed the army, recovered territory, and reduced Qizilbash power

The 1514 Ottoman victory in which Selim I’s firearms and artillery defeated Shah Ismail’s cavalry-heavy Safavid army and intensified Sunni–Shi’a imperial rivalry

Political, territorial, and commercial competition between the Sunni Ottoman and Shi’a Safavid empires that intensified Islamic sectarian divisions

South Asian land empire founded by Babur that combined Central Asian military traditions and gunpowder with India's wealth and manpower

Central Asian descendant of Timur and Chinggis Khan who founded Mughal rule after winning the First Battle of Panipat

Mughal emperor who expanded across northern and central India, incorporated diverse elites, and developed more systematic land-revenue administration

Mughal landholders or local intermediaries who collected taxes from cultivators and transmitted an assessed share to the government

Akbar’s small ethical and spiritual fellowship combining ideas from several religions to encourage loyalty and tolerance at his court

Tax traditionally imposed by an Islamic state on non-Muslim subjects in exchange for protection and exemption from military service

Mughal emperor who commissioned the Taj Mahal as a dynastic mausoleum and display of imperial power

Shah Jahan’s marble mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal, projecting Mughal piety, wealth, dynastic memory, and command of resources

Mughal ruler from 1658 to 1707 whose costly Deccan campaigns brought the empire to its greatest territorial extent

The Manchus were the ruling people who established the Qing dynasty, conquered China during the Ming collapse, and expanded into Mongolia and Tibet

The Qing military and social organization that preserved Manchu identity and supplied the dynasty’s distinct military base

Hairstyle with a shaved forehead and long braided hair that Qing rulers required Chinese men to wear as a sign of submission

Qing ruler who consolidated China by defeating the Revolt of the Three Feudatories and bringing Taiwan under Qing control

Long-reigning Qing emperor who presided over territorial expansion, prosperity, and cultural patronage as the dynasty approached its greatest extent

Conditional Chinese belief that a dynasty ruled with cosmic approval but could lose it through misrule and disorder

Confucian examination system retained from the Ming to recruit scholar-officials and gain the cooperation of Chinese elites

Eurasian land empire centered on Moscow that expanded through gunpowder conquest, frontier settlement, tribute collection, and the Siberian fur trade

Russian ruler whose firearm- and artillery-equipped forces conquered Kazan in 1552 and Astrakhan in 1556

Powerful Russian landed nobles whose political independence rulers such as Ivan IV and Peter the Great sought to restrict

Self-governing frontier warrior communities that served as soldiers and explorers and helped Russia expand across Siberia

Russian tsar who centralized authority, westernized the military and government, and founded St. Petersburg after gaining access to the Baltic Sea

Adoption of Western European military methods, technology, administrative practices, education, clothing, or cultural customs

Baltic port and new Russian capital founded by Peter the Great as a strategic base and western-facing window on Europe

Japanese military government established in 1603 that unified Japan, controlled the daimyo, and maintained domestic peace under hereditary shoguns

Japanese leader who won the Battle of Sekigahara and founded the Tokugawa shogunate in 1603

Japanese regional lords whose domains the Tokugawa shogunate supervised through measures such as alternate attendance

Tokugawa-era warriors paid stipends who increasingly served as officials, record keepers, managers, and magistrates during peacetime

Tokugawa system requiring daimyo to alternate residence between their domains and Edo while their families generally remained in Edo

Political system in which a monarch claims concentrated sovereign authority and seeks to control nobles, institutions, taxation, and the military

European theory that a monarch’s legitimate authority came from God and resistance challenged the divinely established order

French “Sun King” who joined divine-right monarchy, centralized court ceremony, and control of nobles at Versailles

Louis XIV’s palace and court, which displayed divine-right monarchy while keeping nobles dependent on royal access and favor

Extraction of required money, goods, or labor from subordinate peoples as an acknowledgment of a dominant ruler’s authority

Large and costly buildings commissioned by rulers to display wealth, religious devotion, dynastic legitimacy, and command of labor and resources

Sixteenth-century movement that broke Western Christianity’s Catholic unity and created Protestant churches outside papal authority

German monk who challenged indulgences in 1517 and taught justification by faith and scripture’s supremacy over papal authority

Luther’s 1517 arguments against the preaching and sale of indulgences, conventionally marking the Reformation’s beginning

In Catholic practice, a remission of temporal punishment associated with sin; its sale and preaching provoked Luther’s protest

Technology that rapidly circulated Luther’s writings, vernacular scripture, and other Reformation arguments to a wider public

Protestant tradition associated with John Calvin that emphasized divine sovereignty and predestination

English king whose marriage dispute with the pope led him to establish royal control over the Church of England

English church under royal authority that adopted Protestant doctrines while retaining some Catholic forms and institutions

Catholic reform, renewal, and doctrinal defense that corrected abuses, resisted Protestantism, and expanded missionary work

1545–1563 council that reformed clerical discipline while reaffirming Catholic tradition, faith and works, and seven sacraments

Catholic order that operated schools, advised rulers, opposed Protestantism, and conducted global missions

1555 settlement allowing each prince in the Holy Roman Empire to choose Lutheranism or Catholicism for his territory

Henry IV’s 1598 decree granting French Huguenots limited religious toleration and civil rights while preserving Catholicism as the state religion

1618–1648 European war combining Catholic-Protestant conflict with dynastic, territorial, and political rivalries

Treaties ending the Thirty Years’ War in 1648 that recognized state sovereignty and expanded legal acceptance of Europe’s religious divisions

Sunnis accepted the early caliphs and communal tradition; Shi’a traced legitimate leadership through Ali and Muhammad’s family

Distinct monotheistic religion founded by Guru Nanak in Punjab amid Hindu-Islamic interaction and developed by later Sikh gurus

Founder and first Sikh guru who taught devotion to one God, honest work, generosity, and human equality

Development of beliefs or practices through sustained interaction among different religious or cultural traditions