AP®︎ World History: Topic 3.3 Flashcards

Sixteenth-century movement that broke Western Christianity’s Catholic unity and created Protestant churches outside papal authority

Christian churches and movements that separated from Roman Catholic authority during the Reformation

German monk who challenged indulgences in 1517 and taught justification by faith and scripture’s supremacy over papal authority

Luther’s 1517 arguments against the preaching and sale of indulgences, conventionally marking the Reformation’s beginning

In Catholic practice, a remission of temporal punishment associated with sin; its sale and preaching provoked Luther’s protest

Lutheran teaching that salvation comes through faith and divine grace rather than purchased indulgences or accumulated works

1521 imperial assembly where Luther refused to recant his teachings after his excommunication

Protestant tradition based on Luther’s teachings that became established in German territories and Scandinavia

Protestant reformer who established an influential Reformed tradition in Geneva emphasizing divine sovereignty and predestination

Protestant tradition associated with John Calvin that emphasized divine sovereignty and predestination

Calvinist teaching that God had already determined who would be saved

French Calvinists who faced persecution and participated in the French Wars of Religion

English king whose marriage dispute with the pope led him to establish royal control over the Church of England

1534 law recognizing the English monarch as head of the Church of England instead of the pope

English church under royal authority that adopted Protestant doctrines while retaining some Catholic forms and institutions

Catholic reform, renewal, and doctrinal defense that corrected abuses, resisted Protestantism, and expanded missionary work

1545–1563 council that reformed clerical discipline while reaffirming Catholic tradition, faith and works, and seven sacraments

Catholic order that operated schools, advised rulers, opposed Protestantism, and conducted global missions

Founder of the Society of Jesus, which received papal approval in 1540

Sixteenth-century French conflicts involving Catholics and Huguenots as well as dynastic and political rivalries

1618–1648 European war combining Catholic-Protestant conflict with dynastic, territorial, and political rivalries

Sunnis accepted the early caliphs and communal tradition; Shi’a traced legitimate leadership through Ali and Muhammad’s family

Describing division or conflict between branches of the same religion, such as Sunni and Shi’a Islam

Political and territorial competition between the Sunni Ottoman and Shi’a Safavid empires that intensified Islamic sectarian divisions

Founder of Safavid rule in 1501 who made Twelver Shi’a Islam the empire’s official religion

1514 battle in which Selim I’s Ottoman forces defeated Shah Ismail’s Safavids, illustrating the rivalry between Sunni and Shi’a imperial states

Title associated with leadership of the Muslim community and increasingly claimed or emphasized by Ottoman sultans

Persian royal title used by Safavid rulers

Hindu devotional tradition emphasizing personal devotion and sometimes challenging inherited status or elaborate ritual

Islamic mystical tradition emphasizing devotion, spiritual discipline, and relationships between teachers and disciples

Development of beliefs or practices through sustained interaction among different religious or cultural traditions

Distinct monotheistic religion founded by Guru Nanak in Punjab amid Hindu-Islamic interaction and developed by later Sikh gurus

Founder and first Sikh guru who taught devotion to one God, honest work, generosity, and human equality

Spiritual teacher; Sikhism recognizes ten human gurus before authority passed to the Guru Granth Sahib

Fifth Sikh guru who compiled the Adi Granth and whose 1606 execution increased Sikh-Mughal tensions

Tenth Sikh guru who founded the Khalsa in 1699 and strengthened Sikh collective identity

Disciplined community of initiated Sikhs founded by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699

Sikh scripture that became the community’s enduring guru after the line of human gurus ended in 1708

Technology that rapidly circulated Luther’s writings, vernacular scripture, and other Reformation arguments to a wider public