AP®︎ World History: Topic 8.5 Flashcards

Process by which colonies and subordinated territories ended formal imperial rule and gained autonomy or political independence

Belief that a people under foreign imperial rule constituted a nation entitled to govern itself

Principle that a politically or culturally defined people should choose its own government and political status

Negotiated independence transferred sovereignty through agreements and constitutional reform; armed struggle used warfare to compel withdrawal, often followed by a settlement

Leading Indian nationalist organization that developed into a mass movement seeking self-government and negotiated independence from Britain

Indian National Congress leader who used satyagraha, boycotts, marches, noncooperation, and civil disobedience against British rule

Gandhi’s disciplined method of nonviolent moral resistance, often translated as “truth force.”

Gandhi’s 1930 march to make salt illegally, defying Britain’s salt monopoly and mobilizing mass resistance to colonial rule

Congress campaign begun in 1942 demanding immediate British withdrawal; Britain responded by imprisoning its leaders

Party led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah that sought protections for Indian Muslims and ultimately demanded a separate Pakistan

Leader of the Muslim League who argued that South Asian Muslims required a separate Muslim-majority state

Muslim League resolution calling for separate states in Muslim-majority regions, marking its movement toward the demand for Pakistan

Negotiated British withdrawal that created Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan, accompanied by massacres and mass displacement

Ghanaian nationalist who founded the Convention People’s Party, led “Positive Action,” and became independent Ghana’s first prime minister

Nkrumah’s mass nationalist party, founded in 1949, that demanded “self-government now” and won elections in the Gold Coast

Convention People’s Party campaign using strikes, boycotts, and demonstrations to pressure Britain for immediate self-government

British Gold Coast gained negotiated independence as Ghana on March 6, 1957, after elections, protest, and constitutional reform

Idea that African peoples and states shared interests created by colonialism and should cooperate politically

Gradual constitutional transfer that brought Guinea immediate independence in 1958 and most other French West African territories sovereignty in 1960

French law of 1956 that transferred additional authority to elected territorial governments in French West Africa

Association offered in 1958 through which French African territories could gain self-government while retaining ties to France

Guinean nationalist leader who rejected membership in the French Community and led Guinea to immediate independence in 1958

Senegalese nationalist leader prominent in the constitutional negotiations that led Senegal toward independence from France

Vietnamese communist and nationalist who founded the Viet Minh and declared an independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945

Nationalist and communist organization founded by Ho Chi Minh that fought Japan and then defeated French colonial forces

War from 1946 to 1954 in which the Viet Minh fought France’s attempt to restore colonial rule in Vietnam

Decisive 1954 Viet Minh victory that defeated the French colonial army and compelled France to leave Indochina

Settlement ending French rule in Indochina and temporarily dividing Vietnam near the seventeenth parallel into North and South

European settlers in Algeria whose privileges and opposition to withdrawal made French compromise over Algerian independence more difficult

Algerian nationalist organization that began a rebellion in 1954 and used guerrilla warfare, bombings, and political organizing against France

Violent 1954–1962 conflict in which the FLN’s insurgency and French repression ended with Algeria’s independence

1956–1957 urban struggle marked by FLN bombings and systematic French counterinsurgency, detention, and torture

French leader restored to power during the Algerian crisis who eventually accepted that continued French rule was unsustainable

1962 agreement establishing a cease-fire in Algeria and clearing the way for Algerian independence from France

Armed struggle beginning in 1961 in which the MPLA, FNLA, and UNITA fought Portuguese rule, helping produce Angola’s independence in 1975

1974 military revolution that overthrew Portugal’s authoritarian government and led the new regime to end its African colonial wars

Egyptian nationalist leader who helped overthrow King Farouk, secured British withdrawal from the Suez Canal zone, and nationalized the Suez Canal Company

Egyptian military movement that overthrew King Farouk in 1952, abolished the monarchy, and challenged remaining British power

1956 conflict triggered by Nasser’s nationalization of the Suez Canal; international pressure forced Britain, France, and Israel to withdraw

French-speaking Quebec movement seeking greater provincial autonomy or full sovereignty from Canada through constitutional and electoral politics

1960s transformation in Quebec that expanded provincial government and encouraged a stronger secular Québécois nationalism

Quebec political party that pursued sovereignty through elections and promoted the unsuccessful 1980 and 1995 referendums

Substantial self-government within a larger state or political unit

Full sovereignty over domestic government and foreign relations without subordination to an imperial power

Withdrawal from an existing state to create a separate sovereign state or join another state

Southeastern Nigeria’s unsuccessful 1967 attempt to form an independent Biafra, defeated by federal forces in 1970 after a devastating war