AP®︎ World History: Unit 6 Flashcards

A policy or process by which a state extends formal or informal political, military, or economic power beyond its borders

The late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century expansion of industrial powers through formal conquest and economic domination, especially in Africa and Asia

The pseudoscientific application of evolutionary competition to societies and supposed races, used to portray domination by powerful peoples as natural and deserved

Discredited efforts to classify biological races and rank their intelligence, morality, or fitness for self-government using supposedly scientific methods

Loyalty to and advancement of the nation, which made colonies symbols of national greatness, prestige, and great-power status

The paternalistic claim that white imperial powers had a moral duty to govern, educate, Christianize, and Westernize peoples they considered backward

The imperial rationale that expansion would spread Christianity, save souls, and replace indigenous religions portrayed as pagan or immoral

A colony was under foreign sovereignty, a protectorate retained nominal local government under imperial control, and a sphere of influence granted a foreign power privileged economic access without annexation

Direct rule used imperial officials and institutions; indirect rule governed through supervised local rulers or existing institutions

An imperial possession governed by an individual or private company rather than directly by a national government

The East India Company governed much of India with private armies and taxation powers until the 1857 rebellion led Britain to replace it with direct Crown rule in 1858

The private Dutch East India Company controlled Asian possessions until its dissolution, after which the Dutch state assumed them and consolidated the Dutch East Indies

A colony receiving substantial permanent migration whose settlers claimed land, built institutions, and displaced or subordinated indigenous peoples

The rapid late-nineteenth-century European conquest and partition of nearly all Africa through warfare, treaties, and colonial administration

The 1884–1885 meeting that set rules for European African claims, promoted effective occupation, and recognized Leopold’s Congo; Africans were excluded

Leopold II’s personal Congo empire, recognized in 1884–1885 and notorious for forced labor before Belgium took control in 1908

A rapid-firing machine gun that gave industrial imperial armies a major military advantage over many African and Asian opponents

A medicine used to prevent and treat malaria that reduced European deaths and facilitated imperial conquest and settlement in tropical regions

The 1899–1902 war in which Britain defeated the Afrikaner Boer republics in southern Africa using scorched-earth tactics and concentration camps

The belief that United States expansion across North America was divinely or historically ordained and spread a supposedly superior order

The 1830 Indian Removal Act authorized the forced relocation of eastern Indigenous peoples, culminating for the Cherokee in the deadly 1838–1839 Trail of Tears

The 1846–1848 war in which the United States defeated Mexico and obtained vast western territories

The 1862 U.S. law granting western public land to settlers who occupied and improved it, encouraging migration and Indigenous dispossession

The 1898 war in which the United States defeated Spain and gained major territories in the Caribbean and Pacific

The United States annexed Hawaii in 1898 after American settlers and business interests helped overthrow Queen Liliʻuokalani in 1893

The 1899–1902 war in which the United States suppressed a Filipino independence movement after acquiring the Philippines from Spain

Russia conquered and settled adjoining lands in the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Far East while subordinating diverse peoples and local governments

The nineteenth-century strategic rivalry between Britain and Russia for influence in Central Asia, especially around Afghanistan and British India

Russian policies promoting Russian language and culture among the empire’s culturally diverse subject peoples

Japan’s acquisition and domination of territories such as Hokkaido, the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, and Korea after Meiji industrialization strengthened the state

The 1894–1895 war in which Japan defeated Qing China and gained Taiwan and the Penghu Islands through the Treaty of Shimonoseki

The belief that a colonized people sharing a common identity should possess sovereignty, motivating opposition to foreign colonial rule

José Gabriel Condorcanqui’s 1780–1781 Peruvian uprising against Spanish taxes, abuses, racial hierarchy, and the mita; Spain suppressed it

Broad revolt beginning among sepoys over cartridge rumors and wider religious, political, and economic grievances; its defeat brought direct British Crown rule

West African founder of the centralized Wassoulou Empire who used firearms, diplomacy, relocation, and scorched-earth tactics against France until his 1898 capture

The 1900 Asante war against British control and the demand for the Golden Stool; Britain suppressed it and annexed Asante

Centralized southern African state that defeated Britain at Isandlwana in 1879 but was later defeated and broken apart

West African Islamic state formed through Usman dan Fodio’s jihad and governed through emirates, Islamic law, taxation, and military authority

Nationalism, revolts, Ottoman decline, and European intervention produced independent Greece, Serbia, Romania, and Montenegro and autonomous Bulgaria

Sudanese religious and military revolt that captured Khartoum and created an independent state before Anglo-Egyptian reconquest in 1898–1899

The 1856–1857 prophetic killing of cattle and cessation of planting after war, disease, and dispossession; the resulting famine weakened Xhosa autonomy

Indigenous religious movement promising renewal, reunion with the dead, and restoration after U.S. conquest; suppression culminated at Wounded Knee

Ethiopia’s 1896 defeat of an invading Italian army, preserving Ethiopian independence and becoming a major symbol of African resistance

The 1899–1901 Chinese antiforeign uprising that attacked missionaries and foreign influence before an international force defeated it and imposed a large indemnity

The 1905–1907 uprising in German East Africa whose participants used maji spiritual beliefs to unite against forced labor, taxes, and colonial rule before brutal German suppression

An economy that directs a substantial share of production toward commodities sold outside the producing region

A crop produced for sale rather than primarily for the cultivator’s own consumption

Concentration on producing one commodity or a limited group of commodities, increasing trade earnings but creating vulnerability to price and demand changes

A system in which many regions exported raw materials and food while industrial centers manufactured and exported finished goods

Foreign control exercised through unequal trade, investment, loans, concessions, or special privileges without necessarily imposing direct political rule

The 1839–1842 and 1856–1860 wars in which Britain and France defeated Qing China and forced it to expand foreign commercial, diplomatic, missionary, and legal privileges

The 1842 treaty that ended the First Opium War, opened five Chinese ports, ceded Hong Kong, imposed an indemnity, and ended the Cohong system

Agreements imposed on weaker states that granted foreign powers ports, low tariffs, legal privileges, or other one-sided commercial concessions

The privilege placing foreign nationals in China under their own consular courts rather than Chinese law in important legal cases

The 1899 U.S. policy calling for equal foreign commercial access in China while formally preserving Chinese territorial integrity

The Suez Canal opened in 1869, but its costs and Egypt’s foreign debts led to European financial control, Britain’s purchase of Egyptian shares, and British occupation in 1882

The United Fruit Company used control of plantations, railroads, ports, and politics to dominate Central American banana-export economies known as banana republics

The decline of Indian handicraft and textile production as British policies and machine-made imports turned India into a supplier of raw materials and a market for British goods

Push factors drive people from an origin, such as famine or unemployment; pull factors attract them to a destination, such as land, wages, or jobs

Long-distance migration across oceans, greatly increased in the nineteenth century by steamships, lower travel costs, and global demand for labor

Movement from the countryside to cities for concentrated industrial and commercial employment, contributing to nineteenth-century urbanization

The growth of cities and of the urban share of the population, accelerated as internal and international migrants moved toward concentrated employment

Migrants’ periodic or permanent movement back to their home society, made more practical by faster and cheaper transportation

The movement of workers who choose to relocate in search of wages, land, or employment and retain the legal ability to leave

Labor migration imposed by force or arranged through contracts marked by debt, deception, severe pressure, confinement, or restrictions on leaving

Fixed-term Indian contract labor sent after abolition to places such as the Caribbean, Mauritius, Fiji, Africa, and Southeast Asia, often under semicoerced conditions

Chinese workers were recruited for overseas plantations, mines, and railroads through arrangements ranging from voluntary contracts to deception, debt, confinement, and violence

A migration system in which brokers financed Chinese workers’ overseas passage in exchange for debts repaid from their later wages

States transported sentenced prisoners and compelled their labor, as Britain did in Australia, combining punishment, colonization, and coerced migration

A population dispersed from its homeland into multiple regions while maintaining a shared identity or connection to that homeland

Migration in which earlier migrants help relatives or members of their home community follow them by providing information, money, housing, and employment connections

A concentrated community of migrants and their descendants that offered mutual support and helped preserve and transplant their culture

The predominance of men in many labor migrations left women managing farms, businesses, property, finances, and households, expanding practical authority without necessarily ending patriarchy

The increased responsibility of women for farming and rural households when large numbers of men migrated elsewhere for wage labor

Money or goods migrants send to relatives and communities in their places of origin

Political and social hostility by established residents toward immigrants, often based on economic competition, religion, nationality, race, or alleged failure to assimilate

The 1882 U.S. law that suspended Chinese labor immigration for ten years and denied Chinese laborers naturalization, establishing racialized federal immigration exclusion

Measures designed to preserve a white Australia by restricting non-European immigration, formalized through the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 and its discriminatory dictation test