AP®︎ World History: Unit 7 Flashcards

Internal political and fiscal weakness, nationalism, territorial losses, and defeat in World War I ended Ottoman rule; Turkey and other states or foreign-controlled territories replaced it

Ottoman reformist officers, intellectuals, and officials who favored constitutional government, centralization, and modernization

Leader of the Turkish nationalist movement that resisted Allied partition and established the Republic of Turkey after the Ottoman sultanate was abolished

Revolution that forced the last Qing emperor to abdicate in 1912 and replaced imperial monarchy with the Republic of China

Chinese revolutionary nationalist who promoted nationalism, representative government, and popular livelihood and briefly became provisional president

Russian uprising of strikes, peasant unrest, mutinies, and nationalist disturbances that forced limited constitutional concessions from Nicholas II.

Revolution in which the February uprising overthrew the tsar and the Bolsheviks seized power from the provisional government in October 1917

Revolutionary Marxist party led by Lenin that seized power in October 1917 and established communist rule

Bolshevik leader who promised peace, land, and bread and led the October 1917 seizure of power

The Bolshevik seizure of power from the provisional government in 1917, led by Lenin

Conflict in which the communist Red Army defeated diverse anti-Bolshevik White forces, securing Bolshevik control

Communist federation established by the victorious Bolsheviks in 1922 as the successor to the Russian Empire

Revolution beginning in 1910 that overthrew Díaz and became a prolonged struggle over democracy, land, labor, and political authority

Authoritarian Mexican ruler who promoted modernization and foreign investment while protecting elite power and suppressing political opposition

Political reformer who challenged Díaz, called for revolt after the blocked 1910 election, and was overthrown and murdered in 1913

Southern Mexican agrarian leader who demanded the restoration and redistribution of village lands under the principle of land and liberty

Northern Mexican revolutionary leader supported by ranchers, workers, and others opposed to the established order

Revolutionary constitution authorizing land reform, national resource ownership, labor protections, limits on foreign ownership, and restrictions on the Church

The elevation of military strength, values, and solutions in politics, making governments more prepared and willing to use war

Rival blocs spread security fears and encouraged risk-taking, helping turn the Austro-Serbian dispute into a general war without making escalation automatic

The 1882 defensive alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy; Italy remained neutral in 1914 and joined the Allies in 1915

Prewar diplomatic grouping of Britain, France, and Russia; a set of alliances and understandings rather than one treaty requiring automatic entry into war

Competition for colonies, resources, markets, bases, and prestige increased prewar tensions and later spread the war through imperial networks

Loyalty to national power and ethnic identity that encouraged interstate rivalry, imperial prestige, separatism, and resistance to compromise

Unstable southeastern European region where Ottoman decline, territorial disputes, nationalism, and Austro-Russian rivalry converged

The June 28, 1914 murder of Franz Ferdinand and Sophie by Gavrilo Princip, providing the immediate trigger for World War I.

Allies: France, Britain and its empire, Russia, Serbia, later Japan, Italy, and the United States; Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria

Germany’s plan to defeat France quickly through neutral Belgium before turning against slower-mobilizing Russia

War in which governments mobilize armed forces, civilians, economies, information, culture, and imperial resources for the war effort

Defensive warfare using interconnected front-line, support, reserve, and communication trenches, especially on the Western Front

A strategy of defeating an enemy by exhausting its soldiers, supplies, economy, and willingness to continue rather than winning one quick breakthrough

Compulsory military service imposed by a government to provide the large numbers of soldiers required for total war

Selective and emotional information used to recruit, sell bonds, promote conservation and production, sustain morale, and demonize the enemy

Civilian society organized to support military operations through production, agriculture, transportation, finance, rationing, and morale

German policy of sinking ships in designated waters without warning, damaging Allied shipping but helping bring the United States into the war

Industrial weapons including machine guns, heavy artillery, barbed wire, poison gas, tanks, aircraft, and submarines that increased warfare’s range, destructiveness, and casualties

German proposal that Mexico ally with Germany against the United States in return for help recovering lost territory, helping bring the United States into World War I

March 1918 treaty that withdrew Bolshevik Russia from the war, allowing Germany to transfer troops from the Eastern Front to the west

Agreement that ended fighting on the Western Front after military losses, blockade, shortages, unrest, and Allied pressure exhausted Germany

Global economic collapse beginning in 1929 that caused bank failures, falling trade and production, mass unemployment, and expanded government intervention

Roosevelt’s program of relief, recovery, and reform that expanded federal action while preserving democracy, private property, and capitalism

Theory that governments can combat recessions through deficit spending and other policies that increase aggregate demand

Lenin’s policy beginning in 1921 that restored limited private trade and small businesses while the Soviet state retained control of major industries

Soviet central plans beginning in 1928 that set production targets and concentrated resources on rapid heavy industrialization

Stalin’s forced consolidation of peasant farms into collective or state farms to control grain and support industrialization

People labeled prosperous peasant class enemies during collectivization and subjected to confiscation, deportation, imprisonment, or execution

Economy in which the state controls investment, production, prices, and distribution rather than relying primarily on markets

Authoritarian system retaining private ownership while placing employers and workers under state-supervised bodies and suppressing independent unions

Wilson’s proposed principles for a postwar peace based on open diplomacy, freer trade, arms reduction, national self-determination, and a League of Nations

The principle that nations should choose their own governments; applied mainly in Europe after World War I while usually denied to colonized peoples

1919 peace treaty that imposed German war responsibility, reparations, territorial losses, military limits, and a demilitarized Rhineland, fueling resentment later exploited by Hitler

Versailles provision assigning Germany and its allies responsibility for wartime losses, becoming a major symbol of German humiliation

Payments imposed on Germany after World War I to compensate the Allies for wartime losses, burdening Germany and fueling resentment of the Versailles settlement

Postwar organization weakened by the absence of the United States, lack of armed forces, and failure to stop Japanese and Italian aggression

Former German and Ottoman territories governed by outside powers for the League under a promise of eventual self-government, but usually administered like colonies

Leading Indian nationalist organization that turned resistance to British rule into a mass interwar movement of boycotts, marches, and civil disobedience

Indian National Congress leader who organized mass resistance to British rule using satyagraha, noncooperation, and civil disobedience

Gandhi’s method of nonviolent resistance based on moral opposition to injustice and organized refusal to cooperate with colonial authority

Gandhi’s 1930 march to the Arabian Sea to violate Britain’s salt monopoly, turning an everyday tax into a symbol of colonial injustice

Japan’s 1931 occupation of Manchuria after Kwantung Army officers used a railway explosion as a pretext for conquest

Mussolini’s 1935–1936 conquest of a League member, which defeated limited sanctions and pushed Italy closer to Nazi Germany

Authoritarian, intensely nationalist ideology that rejected liberal democracy and glorified hierarchy, obedience, military strength, and violence under a powerful leader

System seeking extensive control over public and private life through centralized authority, ideology, propaganda, censorship, surveillance, and repression

Italian fascist dictator who pursued imperial revival through aggression in Ethiopia and Albania and cooperation with Nazi Germany

German fascist movement led by Hitler that gained support during the Depression and established a racial dictatorship committed to rearmament and expansion

Nazi dictator whose rearmament, treaty violations, annexations, racial imperialism, and invasion of Poland were the most decisive causes of general war in Europe

Nazi goal of acquiring “living space” in eastern Europe for Germans through conquest and the subordination, displacement, or destruction of existing populations

Japanese military dominance of politics and support for authoritarian rule, imperial conquest, and expansion to obtain resources and strategic power

Japanese claim that Asia would be liberated from Western imperialism under Japanese leadership, masking imperial domination and exploitation

1936–1939 conflict in which Germany and Italy aided Franco’s Nationalists while the Soviet Union aided the Republicans, strengthening fascist cooperation and testing weapons

British and French policy of granting concessions to aggressors to avoid war; it postponed conflict but allowed Germany to grow stronger

September 1938 agreement allowing Germany to annex Czechoslovakia’s Sudetenland in exchange for Hitler’s promise of no further European territorial demands

Germany’s March 1938 annexation and union with Austria in violation of the postwar settlement

August 1939 German-Soviet agreement not to attack each other, with a secret protocol dividing parts of eastern Europe into spheres of influence

World War II coalition led by Germany, Italy, and Japan

World War II coalition led principally by Great Britain, the Soviet Union, China, and the United States, together with their partners and imperial possessions

Germany attacked Poland on September 1, 1939; Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3, beginning general war in Europe

German “lightning war” using rapidly coordinated tanks, motorized infantry, aircraft, artillery, and radio to break through and encircle enemies

The 1940 air campaign in which the Royal Air Force prevented Germany from gaining air superiority and forced Hitler to abandon plans to invade Britain

Germany’s June 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union, which opened the enormous Eastern Front and ultimately failed to defeat the USSR

Japan’s December 7, 1941 surprise attack on the U.S. Pacific Fleet in Hawaii, bringing the United States into World War II

1942–1943 Soviet victory that destroyed a major German army and marked a turning point on the Eastern Front

U.S. Pacific strategy of capturing selected islands for bases while bypassing some heavily defended Japanese positions

June 6, 1944 Allied invasion of France combining naval support, air superiority, deception, amphibious forces, and extensive logistics

Long-range attacks on factories, oil facilities, transportation, government centers, and cities to weaken an enemy’s capacity or will to fight

Use of incendiary bombs to create rapidly spreading urban fires and firestorms, causing extensive destruction and civilian deaths

Secret U.S.-led scientific and industrial program, aided by British and refugee scientists, that developed the atomic bomb

Nuclear-fission weapon developed by the Manhattan Project and used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, devastating both cities and helping bring Japan’s surrender

Acts committed with intent to destroy, wholly or partly, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group

The Young Turk government's 1915–1917 deportation, deprivation, and mass killing of Ottoman Armenians, causing about one to 1.5 million deaths and a diaspora

The catastrophic 1932–1933 famine in Ukraine intensified by Soviet grain seizures, punitive quotas, and movement restrictions, killing several million there

Stalin’s campaign of arrests, show trials, executions, and imprisonment during the late 1930s against alleged enemies in the Communist Party, military, government, and wider society

The 1937–1938 mass murder, rape, and looting committed by Japanese forces after capturing the Chinese capital of Nanjing

Nazi Germany's systematic persecution and murder of approximately six million European Jews during World War II.

Hostility toward or prejudice against Jews; Nazi racial antisemitism falsely defined Jews as a biological and conspiratorial threat

The 1935 Nazi laws that stripped Jews of citizenship, banned relations with people of German blood, and classified Jewish identity by ancestry

The Nazi-directed violence of November 9–10, 1938 that destroyed synagogues and businesses and sent about 30,000 Jewish men to camps

Crowded, enclosed urban districts where Nazis confined Jews under conditions of hunger, disease, forced labor, and execution

The Nazi plan to murder Europe's Jews through coordinated deportation, mass shooting, forced labor, and killing centers

Concentration camps confined and exploited prisoners; killing centers were designed primarily for systematic mass murder, though lethal conditions existed in both

The Khmer Rouge’s 1975–1979 destruction of perceived enemies under Pol Pot through executions, forced evacuation and labor, starvation, and disease, causing 1.5 to two million deaths

The organized 1994 murder of about 800,000 people, primarily Tutsi and moderate Hutu, by government forces, militias, officials, and participating civilians

The 1945–1946 trials of leading Nazi officials that established a precedent for holding state leaders individually responsible under international law

International organization founded in 1945 to maintain peace and security, promote cooperation and human rights, and replace the failed League of Nations