AP®︎ World History: Topic 7.1 Flashcards

Ottoman reforms from 1839–1876 that centralized administration, modernized the military, schools, taxes, and laws, and promised greater legal equality

Ottoman reformist officers, intellectuals, and officials who favored constitutional government, centralization, and modernization

The 1908 movement that forced the Ottoman government to restore the suspended constitution of 1876

The most influential Young Turk organization, which dominated Ottoman politics after 1913 and pursued centralization and modernization

Internal political and fiscal weakness, nationalism, territorial losses, and defeat in World War I ended Ottoman rule; Turkey and other states or foreign-controlled territories replaced it

Leader of the Turkish nationalist movement that resisted Allied partition and established the Republic of Turkey after the Ottoman sultanate was abolished

Nationalist republic proclaimed in 1923 after the Ottoman sultanate was abolished, smaller and more explicitly Turkish than the former empire

Wars of 1839–1842 and 1856–1860 in which Qing defeats produced unequal treaties, treaty ports, indemnities, and reduced Chinese sovereignty

Agreements imposed on Qing China that opened ports, granted foreigners special privileges, required indemnities, and limited Chinese sovereignty

Massive anti-Qing rebellion from 1850–1864 whose destruction and regional armies weakened Qing central authority

Qing program from the 1860s–1890s that adopted selected Western military and industrial technology while preserving Confucian institutions

The 1894–1895 war in which modernized Japan defeated Qing China, gained Taiwan, and expanded its influence in Korea

The Qing government’s brief 1898 attempt at rapid institutional modernization, ended by conservative court forces

Powerful Qing court figure associated with the conservative forces that ended the Hundred Days’ Reform

Anti-foreign uprising of 1899–1901 that attacked missionaries and Chinese Christians before an eight-nation force defeated it

Settlement imposed after the Boxer Uprising that required a large indemnity and allowed additional foreign military presence in China

The October 10, 1911 revolt that began the immediate revolutionary crisis leading Chinese provinces to abandon the Qing

Revolution that forced the last Qing emperor to abdicate in 1912 and replaced imperial monarchy with the Republic of China

Chinese revolutionary nationalist who promoted nationalism, representative government, and popular livelihood and briefly became provisional president

Republic established after the Qing abdication in 1912 that struggled to overcome foreign influence and regional political fragmentation

Military leader who succeeded Sun Yat-sen as president, concentrated power, and left China fragmented after his death in 1916

Regional military leaders who controlled much of China after Yuan Shikai’s death, preventing effective national unification

Russia’s last tsar, whose defense of autocracy and failures during war helped discredit the monarchy before his 1917 abdication

Russian imperial policies promoting Russian language and culture among national and religious minorities, often increasing resentment

The 1904–1905 war in which Japan defeated Russia, exposing tsarist weakness and contributing to the Revolution of 1905

The January 1905 shooting of peaceful demonstrators in St. Petersburg, which triggered strikes, unrest, and mutinies

Russian uprising of strikes, peasant unrest, mutinies, and nationalist disturbances that forced limited constitutional concessions from Nicholas II.

Nicholas II’s 1905 concession that permitted the creation of an elected legislative assembly called the Duma

Russia’s elected legislative assembly created after the Revolution of 1905 but repeatedly restricted or dismissed by the tsar

The 1917 uprising in which strikes, demonstrations, and soldiers’ refusal to repress crowds forced Nicholas II to abdicate

Temporary government formed after the tsar’s abdication whose decision to continue World War I undermined its support

Councils of workers and soldiers that competed with the provisional government for authority during 1917

The unstable sharing of authority in 1917 between the Russian provisional government and workers’ and soldiers’ soviets

Revolutionary Marxist party led by Lenin that seized power in October 1917 and established communist rule

Bolshevik leader who promised peace, land, and bread and led the October 1917 seizure of power

The Bolshevik seizure of power from the provisional government in 1917, led by Lenin

Conflict in which the communist Red Army defeated diverse anti-Bolshevik White forces, securing Bolshevik control

Communist federation established by the victorious Bolsheviks in 1922 as the successor to the Russian Empire

Authoritarian Mexican ruler who promoted modernization and foreign investment while protecting elite power and suppressing political opposition

The era of Díaz’s rule, marked by economic modernization, foreign investment, unequal landholding, manipulated elections, and coercion

Political reformer who challenged Díaz, called for revolt after the blocked 1910 election, and was overthrown and murdered in 1913

Madero’s call for revolt after Díaz blocked his challenge in the 1910 presidential election

Revolution beginning in 1910 that overthrew Díaz and became a prolonged struggle over democracy, land, labor, and political authority

Southern Mexican agrarian leader who demanded the restoration and redistribution of village lands under the principle of land and liberty

Zapata’s agrarian program demanding land restoration and redistribution and condemning Madero’s limited reforms

Northern Mexican revolutionary leader supported by ranchers, workers, and others opposed to the established order

Mexican general who overthrew and murdered Madero in 1913, provoking renewed revolutionary opposition

Constitutionalist leader who opposed Huerta and became a leading figure in the revolutionary government associated with the Constitution of 1917

Revolutionary constitution authorizing land reform, national resource ownership, labor protections, limits on foreign ownership, and restrictions on the Church

A state claiming to govern a population united by a common national identity within defined borders

Major external crisis whose military defeats, casualties, shortages, and economic pressures accelerated the collapse of the Ottoman and Russian empires

Areas of China where foreign powers held special economic and political privileges that weakened Qing sovereignty

Provision of Mexico’s 1917 constitution authorizing land redistribution and asserting national ownership of subsoil resources

Provision of Mexico’s 1917 constitution establishing labor protections, including workers’ rights to organize and strike