AP®︎ World History: Topic 8.7 Flashcards

Organized political action that avoids physical violence while using boycotts, strikes, marches, noncooperation, or similar pressure against authority

Open, intentional violation of an unjust law or command, usually with willingness to accept punishment to expose the system’s coercion

Indian independence leader who used satyagraha, boycotts, noncooperation, and civil disobedience to challenge British colonial rule

Gandhi’s disciplined strategy of “truth-force,” combining nonviolence, refusal to cooperate with injustice, and willingness to suffer punishment

Gandhi’s 1930 march to Dandi to make salt illegally, challenging British taxation and mobilizing mass civil disobedience in India

U.S. civil rights leader who combined Gandhian nonviolence, Christian ethics, and constitutional claims to oppose racial segregation

The 1955–1956 Black boycott of segregated buses that elevated King and helped secure a court ruling against bus segregation

The 1963 civil rights campaign whose disciplined protests and televised police violence increased national pressure to end segregation

King’s August 1963 March on Washington speech calling for racial equality and an integrated American society

U.S. law that prohibited segregation and many forms of discrimination

U.S. law that strengthened federal protection of African Americans’ voting rights

King’s 1963 defense of immediate nonviolent direct action as a way to create constructive pressure for negotiation and justice

South Africa’s system of legally enforced racial classification, segregation, and white minority rule

ANC leader who moved from nonviolent protest to support for sabotage, endured imprisonment, and later negotiated apartheid’s end and promoted reconciliation

South African organization that led mass resistance to apartheid and later negotiated the transition to multiracial democracy

The 1960 killing of 69 anti-pass-law protesters by South African police, followed by the banning of the ANC and greater support for armed resistance

The ANC-associated armed organization founded with Mandela in 1961 that initially sabotaged state installations rather than targeting civilians

South African commission chaired by Desmond Tutu that investigated apartheid-era abuses and offered conditional amnesty for full disclosure

Expansion of military institutions, spending, values, and coercive methods into political and social life

A government in which military leaders directly exercise political authority, often after taking power in a coup

Spanish dictator who won the Spanish Civil War and used executions, imprisonment, censorship, Catholic nationalism, and cultural repression to preserve centralized rule

Ugandan military dictator who ruled from 1971 to 1979 through ethnic favoritism, torture, killings, disappearances, and the expulsion of most noncitizen Asians

Chilean general who overthrew Salvador Allende in 1973 and ruled through anticommunist military dictatorship, censorship, torture, killings, and disappearances until 1990

Cooperation among South American dictatorships to surveil, kidnap, and assassinate political opponents across national borders

Eisenhower’s term for the network linking governments, armed forces, weapons producers, researchers, and political interests that benefits from sustained military spending

Cross-border arms sales and transfers that enabled governments and insurgents to repress opponents, fight longer, and increase casualties

An organized rebellion against an established government

Warfare conducted mainly by small, mobile forces rather than conventional armies

Deliberate damage to infrastructure, installations, or material capacity for political or military purposes

Violence or threats, especially against civilians, intended to create wider fear and achieve political aims

Abimael Guzmán’s Maoist Peruvian insurgency, begun in 1980, that sought rural revolution through assassinations, bombings, coercion, and massacres of civilians

Leader of Peru’s Shining Path who interpreted Maoism as requiring violent revolutionary struggle against the state and existing social order

Transnational Sunni Islamist extremist network that used spectacular attacks on civilians to oppose the United States and its allies and provoke wider conflict

Founder and leader of al-Qaeda who directed its hostility toward the United States, its allies, and governments he considered insufficiently Islamic

Al-Qaeda’s 2001 hijacking attacks that destroyed the World Trade Center towers, struck the Pentagon, and killed nearly 3,000 people

Revolutionary communist ideology emphasizing rural struggle that Shining Path interpreted as requiring violent revolution against Peru’s state and social order