AP®︎ World History: Topic 9.2 Flashcards

Infectious diseases are caused by transmissible pathogens; chronic diseases persist over time and are generally nontransmissible

An epidemic exceeds expected disease levels in a population, a pandemic spreads across countries or continents, and an endemic disease remains consistently present in a region

Population-level disease prevention through measures such as vaccination, sanitation, surveillance, mosquito control, isolation, contact tracing, and health education

Preventive technologies that train the immune system against particular diseases, reducing illness and mortality when widely accessible

Medicines that treat bacterial infections and reduce mortality, although drug-resistant bacteria can limit their effectiveness

Safe-water treatment and the separation and disposal of sewage, which sharply reduce exposure to waterborne diseases such as cholera

Diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, and cholera that persist where crowding, malnutrition, unsafe water, weak infrastructure, and limited health-care access increase exposure and vulnerability

A parasitic disease spread by infected Anopheles mosquitoes that persists especially in tropical, poorer regions lacking sustained mosquito control, prevention, and treatment

An airborne bacterial disease, usually of the lungs, encouraged by crowding and weakened immunity; long antibiotic treatment can cure it, but incomplete treatment promotes drug resistance

A bacterial disease spread through food or water contaminated by human waste, causing deadly dehydration but preventable through sanitation and treatable with rapid fluid-and-salt replacement

A disease that is newly identified, newly introduced, or newly able to spread widely because of changes such as transportation, urbanization, warfare, or human-animal contact

A 1918–1919 global influenza pandemic spread by wartime movement and crowding that killed tens of millions and prompted quarantines, closures, surveillance, and further medical research

HIV attacks the immune system and can progress to AIDS; its global pandemic caused severe mortality, stigma, and social disruption, especially in sub-Saharan Africa

Combination drug treatment that suppresses HIV and can make infection a manageable chronic condition, although unequal access produces unequal outcomes

A severe disease spread through direct contact with infected bodily fluids; West African outbreaks caused social disruption and spurred improved diagnosis, protective practices, treatment, and vaccination

Chronic and degenerative diseases that become more common as medical and public-health advances allow more people to survive into old age

Age-associated disorders of the heart and blood vessels that became leading causes of death as populations aged, with risk also shaped by smoking, diet, inactivity, obesity, and hypertension

A progressive disorder of memory, reasoning, behavior, and daily functioning whose prevalence rises sharply as more people survive into old age

The uneven shift from mortality dominated by infectious disease toward greater prevalence of chronic and age-related disease as sanitation, nutrition, medicine, and life expectancy improve

The simultaneous persistence of infectious diseases and rise of chronic diseases, especially in poorer societies undergoing an incomplete epidemiological transition

The survival and spread of pathogens resistant to medicines, limiting treatments for diseases such as tuberculosis and malaria