AP®︎ World History: Topic 1.6 Flashcards

Pope-led western Christian institution that shaped worship, education, law, social life, landholding, and politics across European kingdoms

Christian rites associated with salvation, including baptism, marriage, confession, and the Eucharist

A required contribution collected by the Church to support its religious, economic, and social functions

The Catholic Church’s legal system, administered through Church courts alongside secular jurisdictions

Church-sanctioned military campaigns that joined religious aims to warfare in the eastern Mediterranean, Iberia, and the Baltic

Institutions such as Paris, Oxford, and Bologna that developed from religious schools and studied theology, law, medicine, and philosophy

A method using reasoned argument, especially Aristotelian philosophy, to explain and reconcile Christian doctrine and philosophical learning

Thirteenth-century Dominican theologian who argued in the Summa Theologica that reason and Christian revelation could support one another

Large churches using pointed arches, ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, tall interiors, and stained glass to express Christian teachings and institutional wealth

Religious order emphasizing poverty, preaching, and service among growing urban populations

Religious order emphasizing preaching and education, including efforts to oppose teachings considered heretical

Christian tradition influential in Byzantium and eastern Europe, associated with icons, local liturgies, the patriarch of Constantinople, and imperial involvement in religion

Distinct monotheistic communities centered on the Torah, Talmud, Sabbath, and synagogues that contributed to trade and scholarship but faced restrictions, expulsions, and violence

Qur’an-based monotheistic religion present in Iberia, Sicily, and later the Balkans that influenced European rule, commerce, scholarship, agriculture, and architecture

Profession of faith, prayer, charity, fasting during Ramadan, and pilgrimage to Mecca

Muslim-ruled Iberian territory that transmitted Islamic and Greek learning into Latin Europe while gradually losing land to Christian kingdoms

Distribution of authority among kings, nobles, clergy, towns, and local institutions rather than concentration in one sovereign government

Loosely organized central European realm whose princes, bishops, and free cities acknowledged an emperor while retaining substantial autonomy

Political and military system in which a lord granted a vassal a fief in return for homage, loyalty, counsel, and usually military service

Monarchy in which a king claimed legitimate rule but depended on nobles, clergy, towns, and assemblies to govern, tax, and raise armies

1215 charter forced on King John by English barons, affirming that the king was subject to law and certain obligations required consultation

Representative institution that developed from royal meetings with nobles and clergy to include county and town representatives, especially for taxation

French dynasty that gradually expanded direct royal territory, courts, and appointed administration while negotiating with local elites

Intermittent English-French war from 1337 to 1453 that exposed weaknesses in feudal levies and encouraged taxation, paid armies, and stronger administration

Imperial decree formally giving seven leading electors the chief role in choosing the Holy Roman emperor

Independent urban states such as Venice, Genoa, Florence, and Milan governed through competing merchants, guilds, aristocrats, councils, and rulers

Grants giving towns privileges such as self-government, markets, toll collection, or freedom from some manorial obligations

Local economic and social system organizing an estate’s land, agricultural production, peasant obligations, and the lord’s judicial authority

Idealized social order of those who prayed, those who fought, and those who worked: clergy, nobles, and commoners

Legally restricted agricultural labor binding peasants to a lord’s estate and requiring labor, rent, crops, or fees; obligations could be inherited, but serfs retained customary household and land rights

Heavy plow that made the dense soils of northern Europe easier to cultivate

Improved harness that allowed horses to pull plows efficiently without choking, making them useful alternatives to slower oxen

Crop rotation dividing land among autumn grain, a spring crop, and fallow, with each field changing use annually

Urban associations that regulated crafts or commerce; craft training normally progressed from apprentice to journeyman to master

Severe northern European food crisis caused by unusually wet and cold conditions, resulting in widespread hunger and mortality

Plague reaching Europe in 1347 that killed a large share of the population, caused labor shortages, and weakened some rents and labor obligations

English law of 1351 attempting to restrict wages and worker mobility after Black Death labor shortages

1381 uprising fueled by conflict over taxes, labor dues, and attempts to restrict workers after the Black Death

Church sanction excluding an individual from participation in the sacraments, potentially weakening the person’s legitimacy and political authority

Church sanction suspending certain religious services within a ruler’s territory to pressure the ruler and subjects

Machine using water power to grind grain and assist some manufacturing processes

Machine using wind power to grind grain and assist some manufacturing processes