AP®︎ World History: Topic 2.5 Flashcards

Spread of beliefs, practices, knowledge, art, and technologies between societies through expanding networks of exchange

Blending elements from different cultural traditions into a new or locally distinctive form

A community living outside its ancestral homeland while retaining connections to its place of origin

Connections continued spreading Buddhist texts, monasteries, art, and schools that adapted to Confucian, Daoist, and local traditions

Meditation-centered Buddhism developed in China as Chan and influenced Korean Seon and Japanese Zen

Indian Ocean exchange spread Indian religious ideas, Sanskrit, rulership traditions, and temple forms that Southeast Asians blended with local beliefs

Khmer temple originally dedicated to Vishnu that later became Buddhist, illustrating Southeast Asian adaptation of Indian religions

Indian Sanskrit epic adapted into distinctively local Southeast Asian literature, theater, dance, and art

Trans-Saharan merchants and scholars spread Islam, Arabic literacy, and Islamic learning, while indigenous beliefs and languages persisted

Mali ruler whose 1324–1325 pilgrimage and support for mosques and scholarship strengthened Mali’s connections to the Islamic world

East African coastal culture blending Bantu foundations with Islamic, Arab, Persian, and broader Indian Ocean influences

Fundamentally Bantu language containing many Arabic-derived words from centuries of commercial and religious interaction

Muslim states, merchants, and religious figures carried Islam through northern India and coastal trading communities among non-Muslim majorities

Muslim merchants and scholars spread Islam through commercial ports, where rulers adopted it while accommodating existing customs

Chinese papermaking technology diffused westward, lowering the cost of written records and supporting administration, commerce, education, and manuscripts

Chinese explosive technology spread west through Eurasian networks and contributed to the growing use of artillery and firearms

Growth of cities and the urban population; trade and productivity supported it, while conquest, disease, instability, and shifting routes could reverse it

Southern Song capital until the Mongol conquest of 1276 and a major commercial center connected to internal waterways and maritime trade

Commercial city that prospered from its strategic position linking Mediterranean, Red Sea, and overland trade routes

West African city that grew into a center of trans-Saharan commerce, Islamic scholarship, and manuscript culture

Port founded around 1400 that grew near the Strait of Malacca into a major commercial center and center of Islamic influence

Leading Islamic city devastated by Hülegü’s Mongol army in 1258, after which its political and intellectual importance declined

Mongol commander whose army captured and devastated Baghdad in 1258

City damaged by Mongol conquest in 1220 but revived after Timur made it his imperial capital in 1370

Conqueror who made Samarkand his capital and used wealth and relocated skilled workers to rebuild it as an imperial center

Accounts of long-distance journeys that reveal expanding connectivity but reflect each traveler’s viewpoint, purpose, audience, and circumstances

Venetian merchant whose dictated account of late-thirteenth-century Asia described its cities, courts, goods, and technologies for European readers

Moroccan Muslim jurist whose dictated travel narrative described journeys across Africa and Asia through the perspective of Islamic law

English Christian mystic whose dictated pilgrimage account combined spiritual autobiography with travel to Jerusalem, Rome, and Santiago

Empire whose integration of much of Eurasia eased Silk Roads travel and accelerated cultural and technological transfer, even as its conquests damaged cities

West African empire whose trans-Saharan trade connections encouraged elite conversion to Islam while indigenous practices persisted

Language of religion, scholarship, diplomacy, and record keeping that spread through Islamic networks while local languages persisted

Influential language of courtly culture and literature across much of the Islamic world, especially Central and South Asia