AP®︎ World History: Topic 7.8 Flashcards

Large-scale, deliberate violence against civilians, including genocide, ethnic cleansing, crimes against humanity, and extensive war crimes

Acts committed with intent to destroy, wholly or partly, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group

Polish Jewish legal scholar who coined the word genocide in 1944

The 1948 UN treaty that defined genocide as an international crime and committed states to prevent and punish it

Violence directed against people because they are identified as members of an ethnic group

Ethnic cleansing seeks to remove a population from a territory; genocide intends to destroy the group, though the two can overlap

Widespread or systematic attacks on civilians, such as murder, enslavement, deportation, imprisonment, torture, or persecution

Portraying a population as alien, inferior, or dangerous so that exclusion and violence appear necessary or justified

The Young Turk government's 1915–1917 deportation, deprivation, and mass killing of Ottoman Armenians, causing about one to 1.5 million deaths and a diaspora

The Ottoman ruling movement that accused Armenians of disloyalty and organized their wartime deportation and destruction

Stalin's policy beginning in 1929 of combining private farms into state-controlled collectives through confiscation, deportation, and coercion

Peasants labeled wealthy or resistant by Soviet authorities and targeted with confiscation, deportation, imprisonment, and execution

Soviet leader whose forced collectivization, grain seizures, movement restrictions, and repression caused and intensified mass famine

The catastrophic 1932–1933 famine in Ukraine intensified by Soviet grain seizures, punitive quotas, and movement restrictions, killing several million there

Nazi Germany's systematic persecution and murder of approximately six million European Jews during World War II.

Hostility toward or prejudice against Jews; Nazi racial antisemitism falsely defined Jews as a biological and conspiratorial threat

Nazi leader who established Germany's racial dictatorship and directed the escalating persecution and attempted annihilation of European Jews

Hitler's extremist political movement, which established a racial dictatorship and used German state power to carry out the Holocaust

The 1935 Nazi laws that stripped Jews of citizenship, banned relations with people of German blood, and classified Jewish identity by ancestry

The Nazi-directed violence of November 9–10, 1938 that destroyed synagogues and businesses and sent about 30,000 Jewish men to camps

Crowded, enclosed urban districts where Nazis confined Jews under conditions of hunger, disease, forced labor, and execution

Mobile Nazi killing units that followed the German army into the Soviet Union and conducted mass shootings of Jews and other targeted groups

The Nazi plan to murder Europe's Jews through coordinated deportation, mass shooting, forced labor, and killing centers

The January 1942 meeting where Nazi officials coordinated the administration of the Final Solution after mass murder had already begun

Concentration camps confined and exploited prisoners; killing centers were designed primarily for systematic mass murder, though lethal conditions existed in both

The largest site of Nazi murder, where victims were killed in gas chambers and through forced labor, starvation, disease, and abuse

The Nazi program that murdered people with disabilities and developed personnel and killing techniques later used at extermination centers

Cambodian communist movement that ruled from 1975 to 1979 and caused 1.5 to two million deaths through execution, forced labor, starvation, and disease

Leader of the Khmer Rouge who pursued a radically self-sufficient agrarian communist society through forced evacuation, labor, repression, and killing

The mass graves and execution sites across Cambodia associated with the Khmer Rouge's systematic killing of perceived enemies

The organized 1994 murder of about 800,000 people, primarily Tutsi and moderate Hutu, by government forces, militias, officials, and participating civilians

Rwandan president whose assassination on April 6, 1994 gave Hutu extremists the immediate pretext to begin the genocide

Hutu extremist militia that joined soldiers, officials, and civilians in carrying out the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi

Tutsi-led rebel movement whose invasion began Rwanda's civil war and whose 1994 victory ended the genocidal government's killing campaign

The 1945–1946 trials of leading Nazi officials that established a precedent for holding state leaders individually responsible under international law

International tribunal established in 1994 to address crimes committed during the Rwandan genocide

Rwandan community-based proceedings used alongside domestic and international courts to address the enormous number of genocide cases

The 1948 UN declaration asserting that fundamental rights belong to every person regardless of nationality, race, religion, or other status