AP®︎ World History: Topic 9.1 Flashcards

Increasing integration of regions through flows of goods, capital, people, information, ideas, and culture; post-1900 technologies greatly increased its speed, scale, and reach

Wireless transmission that enabled rapid mass broadcasting of news, entertainment, speeches, emergency information, and propaganda across large territories

Mobile communication through networks divided into connected cells, allowing calls and data to continue as users move between locations

Adopting a newer technology without first building every earlier system, as when regions developed cellular networks without extensive landlines

A global network of interconnected computer networks that enables rapid digital communication, information sharing, and coordination across borders

Unequal access to computers, affordable internet service, electricity, and network infrastructure among regions and social groups

Aircraft transportation that reduced intercontinental journeys from weeks to hours and accelerated tourism, migration, business, military movement, and shipment of urgent goods

Standardized sealed cargo boxes transferred among ships, trains, and trucks without unpacking, lowering labor, time, losses, and shipping costs

Concentrated fossil-fuel energy used in engines, transportation, machinery, and petrochemicals, raising productivity and material output after 1900

Electricity generated when controlled nuclear fission produces heat and steam to turn turbines; it supplies large amounts of energy from little fuel

Methods that prevent pregnancy, giving women greater control over whether and when to have children and contributing to declining fertility rates

Population pattern in which death rates fall before birth rates, causing rapid growth until birth rates also decline and growth slows

Farming primarily for sale in markets, commonly using specialization, machinery, purchased inputs, irrigation, credit, and distribution networks

Mid- and late twentieth-century spread of high-yield crops combined with fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, machinery, research, and credit to raise food production

Agricultural scientist whose disease-resistant, high-yield wheat developed in Mexico became a major model for the Green Revolution

Crops whose genetic material is directly altered to produce traits such as insect, disease, or herbicide resistance

Preventive preparations that train the immune system to recognize a pathogen, reducing illness, transmission, mortality, and disability

Elimination of smallpox transmission through coordinated global vaccination; the World Health Organization declared the disease eradicated in 1980

Medicines that kill bacteria or inhibit their growth, making bacterial infections more survivable but not treating viral diseases

Scientist who observed penicillin’s antibacterial effect in 1928; later research and wartime mass production made it a widely available treatment

An early antibiotic whose antibacterial effect Fleming observed in 1928 and that was mass-produced in the 1940s to treat bacterial infections

The evolved ability of bacteria to survive antibiotics, encouraged when misuse or overuse selects for resistant strains

A reliable hormonal contraceptive that gave women greater control over whether and when to have children and contributed to declining fertility rates