AP®︎ World History: Topic 7.6 Flashcards

1919 peace treaty that imposed German war responsibility, reparations, territorial losses, military limits, and a demilitarized Rhineland, fueling resentment later exploited by Hitler

Versailles provision assigning Germany and its allies responsibility for wartime losses, becoming a major symbol of German humiliation

Principle that states should act together against an aggressor because aggression against one threatens the peace of all

Postwar organization weakened by the absence of the United States, lack of armed forces, and failure to stop Japanese and Italian aggression

Worldwide economic collapse beginning in 1929 that weakened democracies, increased extremist support, and intensified economic nationalism and expansionism

Authoritarian, intensely nationalist ideology that rejected liberal democracy and glorified hierarchy, obedience, military strength, and violence under a powerful leader

System seeking extensive control over public and private life through centralized authority, ideology, propaganda, censorship, surveillance, and repression

Glorification of military values and use of armed force as a normal instrument of national policy

Political and economic domination of other territories; Germany, Italy, and Japan sought new empires for land, resources, markets, and strategic power

Economic self-sufficiency, which expansionist leaders claimed could be achieved by conquering territory containing resources, farmland, and protected markets

German fascist movement led by Hitler that gained support during the Depression and established a racial dictatorship committed to rearmament and expansion

Nazi dictator whose rearmament, treaty violations, annexations, racial imperialism, and invasion of Poland were the most decisive causes of general war in Europe

Nazi goal of acquiring “living space” in eastern Europe for Germans through conquest and the subordination, displacement, or destruction of existing populations

Italian fascist dictator who pursued imperial revival through aggression in Ethiopia and Albania and cooperation with Nazi Germany

Japan occupied Manchuria in 1931 after the Mukden Incident, created the puppet state of Manchukuo, and exposed the League’s inability to reverse aggression

Mussolini’s 1935–1936 conquest of a League member, which defeated limited sanctions and pushed Italy closer to Nazi Germany

1936–1939 conflict in which Germany and Italy aided Franco’s Nationalists while the Soviet Union aided the Republicans, strengthening fascist cooperation and testing weapons

Leader of the Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War who received German and Italian aid and later ruled Spain as a dictator

Hitler’s March 1936 deployment of German forces into the demilitarized Rhineland, violating Versailles without provoking military resistance

Germany’s March 1938 annexation and union with Austria in violation of the postwar settlement

British and French policy of granting concessions to aggressors to avoid war; it postponed conflict but allowed Germany to grow stronger

September 1938 agreement allowing Germany to annex Czechoslovakia’s Sudetenland in exchange for Hitler’s promise of no further European territorial demands

British prime minister associated with appeasement who accepted the Munich Agreement and declared it offered “peace for our time.”

Full-scale war beginning in 1937 after fighting near the Marco Polo Bridge, creating a major Asian conflict before war began in Europe

Japanese claim that Asia would be liberated from Western imperialism under Japanese leadership, masking imperial domination and exploitation

August 1939 German-Soviet agreement not to attack each other, with a secret protocol dividing parts of eastern Europe into spheres of influence

Soviet totalitarian leader who accepted the Nazi-Soviet Pact to gain territory and time for military preparation

Germany attacked Poland on September 1, 1939; Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3, beginning general war in Europe

1931 event used by Japan’s Kwantung Army as a pretext to occupy Manchuria

Japanese-controlled puppet state established in Manchuria in 1932 after Japan seized the region

German-speaking border region of Czechoslovakia annexed by Germany under the 1938 Munich Agreement

July 1937 fighting near Beijing that escalated into full-scale war between Japan and China

Italian fascist claim that Italy had received too little territory after World War I despite fighting with the victorious Allies