AP®︎ World History: Topic 4.1 Flashcards

Spread and adaptation of ideas and technologies between societies; it allowed Europeans to combine Classical, Islamic, and Asian maritime knowledge

Chinese-origin navigational tool whose magnetized needle indicated direction, helping sailors maintain a heading when landmarks or celestial bodies were unavailable

Star charts and recorded calculations used to identify celestial bodies and estimate a ship’s position, especially its latitude

Detailed Mediterranean maritime charts showing coastlines, ports, hazards, and networks of compass directions

Triangular sail widely used in the Islamic Mediterranean and Indian Ocean worlds that increased maneuverability and enabled ships to tack partly into the wind

Rudder mounted at a ship’s rear that improved steering over a side-mounted steering oar

Small, fast, maneuverable Iberian vessel with a shallow draft and lateen or mixed rigging, especially useful for exploration and coastal reconnaissance

Large, deep-hulled ocean-going vessel with multiple masts and mixed rigging that carried substantial cargo, provisions, crews, and weapons

Late-sixteenth-century Dutch cargo ship with a capacious hull and small crew that lowered shipping costs and efficiently carried bulk goods

Seasonal Indian Ocean winds that reverse direction, allowing mariners to schedule dependable outward and return voyages

Prevailing tropical winds that generally blow from east to west and helped determine Atlantic sailing routes

Prevailing winds in higher latitudes that generally blow from west to east and aided return voyages toward Europe

Portuguese “turn of the sea”: sailing west or northwest into the Atlantic before turning east to use favorable currents and westerlies on the return to Europe

Classical instrument refined in the Islamic world and adapted for mariners to measure a celestial body’s altitude and estimate latitude

Sail effective for capturing following winds and providing substantial power on open-ocean voyages