AP®︎ World History: Topic 3.1 Flashcards

An empire whose power rests mainly on large, connected territories rather than distant overseas colonies

Cannons, firearms, and field artillery that strengthened sieges and infantry but required substantial revenue, supplies, and skilled labor

The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires, Islamic land empires that combined firearms and artillery with older military forces

Using organized military force to protect merchants, control routes or goods, and compel favorable commercial relations

Sunni land empire centered in Anatolia that used gunpowder forces to expand into southeastern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa

Ottoman sultan who conquered Constantinople in 1453 using siege artillery, ending the Byzantine Empire

The 1453 Ottoman capture of the Byzantine capital; artillery helped breach its walls, and the city became the Ottoman capital

Ottoman sultan who defeated the Safavids at Chaldiran and conquered the Mamluk Sultanate, adding Syria and Egypt

The 1514 Ottoman victory over Shah Ismail in which firearms and artillery defeated the cavalry-heavy Safavid army

Ottoman sultan from 1520 to 1566 who expanded into Hungary and the Mediterranean and reached Vienna

Conflict between the Sunni Ottomans and Shi'a Safavids over eastern Anatolia, Iraq, the Caucasus, trade, and political influence

Persian land empire founded by Shah Ismail that adopted Twelver Shi'a Islam and competed with the Ottomans and Mughals

Safavid founder who captured Tabriz in 1501, declared himself shah, and made Shi'a Persia a rival of the Sunni Ottomans

Turkic tribal warriors whose religious loyalty and cavalry power supported the early Safavid state

Safavid ruler from 1588 to 1629 who strengthened the army, recovered territory, and fought Ottomans, Uzbeks, and Mughals

South Asian land empire founded by Babur that combined Central Asian military traditions and gunpowder with India's wealth and manpower

Central Asian descendant of Timur and Chinggis Khan who founded Mughal rule after winning the First Battle of Panipat

Babur's 1526 victory over Ibrahim Lodi using cannon, matchlocks, linked carts, and cavalry; it established Mughal rule in northern India

Mughal ruler from 1556 to 1605 who expanded across northern and central India through conquest and alliances with Rajput rulers

Mughal ruler from 1658 to 1707 whose costly Deccan campaigns brought the empire to its greatest territorial extent

Competition for the strategic trade center of Kandahar, driven by security, commerce, prestige, and the Shi'a–Sunni divide

Manchu state-builder who unified Jurchen groups and organized them into military and social units called banners

Nurhaci's successor who continued Manchu state-building and adopted the dynastic name Qing in 1636

The conquest begun in 1644 when Wu Sangui admitted Manchu forces through Shanhai Pass after Li Zicheng captured Beijing

Qing ruler who consolidated China by defeating the Revolt of the Three Feudatories and bringing Taiwan under Qing control

Russia's gunpowder-assisted conquest from the Volga across Siberia, driven by territory, frontier security, tribute, and the fur trade

Russian ruler whose firearm- and artillery-equipped forces conquered Kazan in 1552 and Astrakhan in 1556

Cossack leader whose expedition against the Khanate of Sibir in the 1580s began an early stage of Russian expansion across Siberia

Ahmad al-Mansur’s 1591 campaign for gold and trans-Saharan trade broke Songhai’s imperial power but failed to establish stable Moroccan control

Moroccan sultan who ordered the 1591 invasion of Songhai to control gold and trans-Saharan commerce

Commander who led Ahmad al-Mansur's gunpowder-equipped Moroccan army across the Sahara against Songhai

The 1591 battle in which Moroccan firearms and cannon defeated a much larger Songhai force, contributing to Songhai's fragmentation

The Manchus were the ruling people who established the Qing dynasty, conquered China during the Ming collapse, and expanded into Mongolia and Tibet

The unsuccessful 1529 Ottoman attempt to capture Vienna, demonstrating Ottoman reach into central Europe without producing lasting control