AP®︎ World History: Topic 1.2 Flashcards

The “abode of Islam”: regions where Muslims ruled or Islamic institutions substantially shaped public life, not a single empire

The transregional community of Muslim believers, united by Islam despite living under different rulers

Shahada, profession of faith; salat, five daily prayers; zakat, charitable giving; sawm, fasting during Ramadan; and hajj, pilgrimage to Mecca when able

Islam’s sacred scripture and a primary foundation of Muslim teaching and law

Traditions recording Muhammad’s words and actions, used with the Quran as a foundation for teaching and law

The ideal body of Islamic moral and legal principles interpreted from the Quran and hadith by legal scholars

Learned Islamic scholars who interpreted religious law, taught, advised rulers, and sometimes served as judges

A judge who applied Islamic legal principles to contracts, inheritance, marriage, and disputes

An institution of advanced learning, especially for Islamic law and related religious subjects

A charitable endowment whose continuing revenue supported institutions such as mosques, madrasas, hospitals, and fountains

The division originating in disagreement over legitimate leadership after Muhammad, with continuing religious and political importance

Islam’s mystical and devotional tradition, emphasizing closeness to God and helping spread Islam through adaptable teaching and Sufi communities

An organized Sufi order or spiritual path formed around a teacher and a chain of spiritual authority

Thirteenth-century Sufi poet in Anatolia whose Persian works explored divine love, longing, and union with God

The Islamic designation for Jews and Christians as followers of earlier monotheistic scriptures

A Jew or Christian granted protected but subordinate status under Muslim rule while retaining communal religious institutions

A tax generally imposed on adult non-Muslim men in exchange for protected status under Muslim government

The limited coexistence and shared culture of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in medieval Iberia, without continuous equality or tolerance

The Baghdad-based caliphate whose political authority fragmented into regional states while its caliphs retained symbolic prestige

A caliph claimed leadership of the Muslim community, while a sultan held practical political and military power

The Mongol capture and destruction of Baghdad in 1258, ending the Abbasid caliphate there but not Islamic civilization

Sunni Turkic states that used Persian administrators, supported madrasas, and left practical authority to sultans while honoring the Abbasid caliph

A Seljuk successor state in Anatolia that encouraged Muslim rule and Turkic settlement in former Byzantine lands

A military slave, commonly of Turkic or Circassian origin, converted and trained as an elite Muslim soldier and often later manumitted

The military-elite state that ruled Egypt and Syria from 1250 to 1517 and made Cairo a major Islamic center

The Mamluk victory over a Mongol force in Palestine in 1260, checking expansion toward Egypt and strengthening Mamluk legitimacy

Successive Muslim dynasties that ruled much of northern India from 1206 to 1526 using military expansion and Persian administrative practices

The synthesis of Islamic and South Asian traditions in language, architecture, literature, administration, and religion, exemplified by the Qutb Minar complex

Persian mathematician and astronomer who directed the Maragha observatory, advanced trigonometry, and devised the Tusi couple

Al-Tusi’s geometric model using one rotating circle inside another to generate linear motion from circular movements

An Islamic hospital that could include wards, pharmacies, medical teaching, and charitable care, often supported by a waqf

Physician who described pulmonary circulation and rejected Galen’s claim that blood passed through invisible pores between the heart’s ventricles

Highly educated Arab woman and Sufi author whose late fifteenth- and early sixteenth-century poetry and prose explored mystical love and devotion

Multilingual translation in Iberia transmitted Arabic versions of Greek works and original Muslim and Jewish scholarship to Latin-reading Europe