AP®︎ World History: Topic 4.7 Flashcards

Ottoman arrangement granting Christian and Jewish communities limited religious, legal, and communal autonomy under Muslim rule

Tax imposed on many non-Muslim adult men in Islamic empires in return for protected but subordinate status

Ottoman recruitment of Christian boys who were converted, educated, and trained for military or administrative service

Elite Ottoman infantry corps that included some Christian boys recruited and converted through the devshirme

Spanish monarchs who ordered practicing Jews to convert or leave Spain in 1492 to promote religious unity

Spanish and Portuguese policies of 1492–1497 requiring practicing Jews to convert or leave

Jewish converts to Christianity in Iberia who could face suspicion and investigation for continuing Jewish practices

Jews with Iberian roots, many of whom resettled in Ottoman lands after expulsion from Spain and Portugal

Mughal emperor who abolished the jizya, allied with Rajputs, and broadly accommodated non-Muslims

Hindu rulers and warriors whom Akbar incorporated into Mughal government through alliances and imperial service

Mughal system of ranked military and administrative officials into which Akbar incorporated Muslim and Hindu elites

Mughal emperor who reimposed the jizya in 1679 and adopted a more explicitly Islamic style of rule

Minority conquest elite that ruled China while preserving Confucian institutions and reserving important privileges for Manchus

Privileged Qing military and social organizations that formed a major base of Manchu power

Qing requirement that Han Chinese men wear the Manchu hairstyle as a public sign of submission

Social system in which men generally dominate formal political, religious, and household authority

Period when Ottoman queen mothers and consorts gained substantial influence through court access, patronage, and dynastic ties

Spanish American hierarchy that connected perceived ancestry and birthplace to status, labor obligations, and access to office

Peninsulares were Spain-born colonists favored for high offices; creoles were American-born Europeans who formed a wealthy local elite

New Spanish paintings that labeled mixed-ancestry families and presented an elite vision of an ordered racial hierarchy

White indentured service was temporary, while African chattel slavery became hereditary, permanent, and legally treated people as property

Legally privileged racial category that expanded as colonial law separated free or temporarily bound Europeans from permanently enslaved Africans

Ottoman grant of land revenue to a sipahi in exchange for military service, not full private ownership of the land

System in which individuals paid the Ottoman state for the right to collect taxes, reshaping provincial elites as its use increased

Russia’s hereditary landowning aristocrats, whose political independence declined as tsars required greater state service

Russian tsar who required noble service, reorganized administration, and made elite status more dependent on the state

Peter the Great’s 1722 system ranking military, civil, and court service and linking advancement more closely to state service

System increasingly binding peasants to estates and noble authority even as the tsar reduced nobles’ political independence

Hereditary landed elites who retained titles and privileges, though their political influence varied as monarchies centralized

French uprisings of 1648–1653 in which nobles and other privileged groups resisted expanding royal authority

French king who reduced noble independence by controlling court access and relying on royal officials in the provinces

Louis XIV’s royal court, where ritual and competition for favor made nobles more dependent on the king

Merchants, financiers, plantation owners, miners, and colonial officials enriched by expanding global commerce