AP®︎ World History: Topic 9.5 Flashcards

Language presenting equality, protection, or opportunity as an enforceable right rather than charity granted by those in power

Formal equality applies the same rules to everyone; substantive equality uses targeted remedies to overcome the continuing effects of past exclusion

Nonbinding UN declaration adopted in 1948 that proclaimed universal civil, political, social, and economic rights and supplied reformers with a global rights vocabulary

Chaired the United Nations commission responsible for preparing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Diverse movements challenging gender inequality in voting, education, employment, property, family law, health, and protection from violence

1930s Francophone Black literary and political movement affirming African culture and Black identity while rejecting colonial racism and assimilation

Martinican writer and major Negritude figure who affirmed Black identity and criticized colonialism and cultural assimilation

Senegalese Negritude leader who promoted Black cultural affirmation and later became independent Senegal’s first president in 1960

Writer from French Guiana and major Negritude figure who condemned colonial racism, assimilation, and the alienation they produced

Latin American Christian movement that treated poverty as structural injustice and called for active social reform and a preferential option for the poor

Peruvian theologian who helped define liberation theology, especially through his 1971 work A Theology of Liberation

Movement using litigation, boycotts, sit-ins, freedom rides, marches, and nonviolent protest to challenge Jim Crow segregation and racial discrimination

System of laws and customs enforcing racial segregation and Black political exclusion, especially in the southern United States

US law banning discrimination in public accommodations and employment and strengthening federal action against school segregation

US law attacking racial discrimination in voting, including literacy tests and other devices used to disfranchise Black citizens

South Africa’s post-1948 system of legal racial classification, segregation, movement restrictions, and white-minority political rule, dismantled before the 1994 democratic election

Major South African organization in the resistance to apartheid that won the country’s first universal-suffrage election in 1994

Imprisoned from 1962 to 1990, he became the best-known symbol of the anti-apartheid struggle and South Africa’s president in 1994

South African president who began negotiations in 1990 by unbanning opposition organizations, releasing Mandela, and dismantling apartheid laws

Affirmative-action policies reserving places in legislatures, public employment, and education for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and other disadvantaged groups

Transnational environmental organization founded in 1971 that uses direct action, media campaigns, and advocacy against nuclear testing, pollution, deforestation, and other harms

Kenyan activist who founded the Green Belt Movement in 1977, linked environmental restoration to women’s empowerment and democracy, and won the 2004 Nobel Peace Prize

Kenyan movement founded in 1977 that organized rural women to plant trees, restore resources, strengthen livelihoods, and oppose government abuses

Movement seeking fairer international exchange through better producer prices, acceptable labor conditions, sustainable production, cooperatives, and consumer certification

Women gained the right to vote and/or hold office at different times, including in the United States (1920), Brazil (1932), Turkey (1934), Japan (1945), India (1947), and Morocco (1963)

Policies directing opportunities toward historically excluded groups to address the continuing effects of past discrimination

Exclusionary caste practices directed against communities historically placed outside or at the bottom of India’s caste hierarchy, constitutionally abolished in 1950