AP®︎ World History: Topic 5.5 Flashcards

The shift to machines powered by vast stores of coal and oil, greatly increasing the usable energy available for production and transportation

A machine that burns fuel to produce steam pressure and mechanical motion, powering mines, factories, locomotives, and ships

Engineer whose fuel-efficiency and rotary-motion improvements made steam engines practical for many industrial uses; patented his separate condenser in 1769

Coal powered steam engines, while steam-powered pumps enabled deeper coal mining, creating a self-reinforcing increase in coal and steam use

Steam-powered overland networks that lowered transportation costs and connected interior mines, farms, factories, cities, and ports

Fossil-fuel-powered vessels that moved goods and passengers faster and more predictably, including upriver and against unfavorable winds

A system that transmitted electrically encoded messages through wires, allowing distant markets and transportation networks to coordinate within minutes

An engine that burns fuel inside its cylinders; its increasing use of gasoline and diesel extended petroleum power to smaller, lighter, and more mobile machines

The later phase of industrialization, emerging around 1870, marked by new production methods in steel, chemicals, electricity, and precision machinery

An 1856 process that forced air through molten iron to remove impurities, making large-scale, lower-cost steel production possible

Inventor who patented the Bessemer process in 1856, helping make strong, inexpensive, mass-produced steel widely available

Large-scale industrial production of substances such as synthetic dyes, fertilizers, acids, pharmaceuticals, and explosives

Chemist whose accidental development of the synthetic purple dye mauveine in 1856 helped establish the synthetic-dye industry

An energy system in which generators converted mechanical energy into electricity, networks transmitted it, and motors and lighting applied it in factories and cities

Machine tools and manufacturing methods that produced standardized components to exact measurements, allowing efficient assembly and repair

Standardized components made to uniform measurements so one part could replace another without custom work by an artisan

An iron-based alloy whose cheaper mass production provided strong, durable material for railroads, bridges, ships, engines, and machinery