AP®︎ World History: Topic 8.4 Flashcards

German theorist who argued that class struggle would lead the proletariat to overthrow capitalism and create a classless society

Ideology seeking collective ownership of productive property and the elimination of economic classes, usually implemented by twentieth-century one-party states

Russian revolutionary who argued that a disciplined vanguard party should seize power and direct the transition to socialism

Marxism modified to give a revolutionary vanguard party the leading role in seizing power and building socialism

Mao Zedong’s adaptation of Marxism-Leninism that treated poor peasants rather than urban workers as the main revolutionary class

Broad ideology favoring social ownership, economic equality, or government direction of the economy without necessarily requiring one-party rule or abolishing all private property

Changing agricultural landownership by limiting estates, transferring land to cultivators, or protecting tenants

Transfer of land, wealth, or access to resources from one social group to another

Transfer of privately owned industries, banks, transportation systems, or natural resources into government ownership

Combining individually operated farms into collective or state-controlled agricultural units

Government direction of production targets, labor, materials, and investment instead of reliance primarily on markets

Large collective unit that organizes land, labor, and sometimes food, childcare, and other daily activities communally

Movement beginning with 1919 protests against transferring German privileges in Shandong to Japan and expanding into criticism of imperialism, tradition, and China’s political weakness

Party founded in 1921 that organized rural support, defeated the Nationalists, and established communist rule in China in 1949

Chinese party led by Chiang Kai-shek that fought the communists and withdrew to Taiwan after its 1949 defeat

Nationalist leader whose government lost support through corruption, inflation, military failures, and abuses before retreating to Taiwan in 1949

Leader of the CCP who built a peasant-centered revolution, founded the People’s Republic of China, and launched the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution

The CCP’s 1934–1935 retreat to northwestern China that preserved the movement, strengthened Mao’s leadership, and became a revolutionary legend

Japan’s seizure of Manchuria in 1931 and full invasion in 1937 weakened the Nationalists while giving the CCP opportunities to resist and expand rural support

CCP victory in 1949 caused by rural inequality, communist organization, Japanese invasion, and Nationalist corruption, inflation, and military failure

Communist-led state proclaimed by Mao Zedong in Beijing on October 1, 1949, after the CCP defeated the Nationalists

Communist campaign that broke up large estates and transferred land to peasants while persecuting landlords and extending party control into villages

Chinese law that outlawed arranged marriage, child marriage, and concubinage while expanding women’s divorce and property rights

China’s 1953–1957 Soviet-style plan emphasizing heavy industry, infrastructure, urban growth, and expanding agricultural collectivization

Mao’s 1958–1962 campaign of communes, mass mobilization, and rapid industrialization that produced economic disorder and a famine killing tens of millions

Mao’s 1966–1976 campaign against alleged capitalist and traditional influences that caused purges, violence, educational disruption, and renewed authoritarian control

Vietnamese communist and nationalist leader who linked independence from foreign rule with land reform and socialist revolution

Independence movement led by Ho Chi Minh that resisted Japanese occupation and then fought to end French colonial rule

Anti-colonial and civil conflict that brought communist forces to power in all Vietnam by 1975 and created the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1976

Ethiopian military committee that overthrew Haile Selassie in 1974 and imposed Marxist nationalization, collectivization, and authoritarian rule

Dominant leader of Ethiopia’s Derg who directed its Marxist-Leninist policies and violent political repression

Derg campaign in the late 1970s that detained, tortured, and killed suspected political opponents in Ethiopia

Democratic reforms in southern India that limited large estates, strengthened tenants, and transferred security or ownership to cultivators

The shah’s noncommunist modernization program begun in 1963 that redistributed some land and promoted literacy, health, infrastructure, and women’s suffrage

Shah of Iran who launched the White Revolution to weaken landlords, modernize Iran, strengthen the monarchy, and reduce communism’s appeal

Fidel Castro’s 1959 overthrow of Batista that led to land redistribution, nationalization, Marxism-Leninism, and a one-party state allied with the Soviet Union

Cuban revolutionary leader who overthrew Batista, redistributed land, nationalized industries, and aligned Cuba with Marxism-Leninism and the Soviet Union

Law that limited large Cuban estates and redistributed agricultural land after Castro’s revolution

Mexican land-reform system that distributed land for communal use, especially under President Lázaro Cárdenas

Mexican president who greatly expanded land redistribution through the ejido system during the 1930s

Democratically elected socialist president of Chile who accelerated land reform and nationalized major industries, including copper, from 1970 to 1973

In Marxist theory, the bourgeoisie own the means of production, while the proletariat sell their labor and produce wealth

Conflict between the CCP and Nationalists that resumed after Japan’s 1945 defeat and ended with communist victory on the mainland in 1949

Fragile alliance formed by the Nationalists and CCP to resist Japan after the full-scale invasion of China in 1937

Young Maoist activists who attacked alleged capitalist roaders, intellectuals, officials, and the Four Olds during the Cultural Revolution