AP®︎ World History: Topic 5.2 Flashcards

A rapid, fundamental challenge to an existing political or social order, though it does not always produce equality or complete social transformation

Rights inherent to all people, such as life, liberty, property, and equality before the law, rather than privileges granted by rulers

The principle that legitimate political authority originates with the people rather than a monarch or dynasty

The idea that people accept government in exchange for protection of their rights and may replace a government that violates the agreement

Government through representatives and civic institutions rather than hereditary monarchy, often with limited suffrage in this period

Government based on popular will and political participation, although participation remained restricted during this period

An ideology favoring civil liberties, legal equality, constitutional government, representative institutions, and private property, but not necessarily universal suffrage

A political organization that governs a defined territory and population

A community whose members understand themselves to share an identity based on language, religion, customs, history, ancestry, or territory

A state claiming to represent a particular nation and seeking to align political borders with that national community

The belief that a nation has a distinctive identity deserving political loyalty and should govern itself through independence, autonomy, or unification

The connected American, French, Haitian, and Latin American revolutions, linked by circulating Enlightenment ideas and revolutionary precedents but differing in causes and outcomes

The 1775–1783 colonial revolt against British taxation and imperial control that created the independent United States and a constitutional republic

The colonial claim that Britain could not legitimately tax Americans who lacked elected representatives in Parliament

The 1776 document asserting natural rights, government by consent, and the people’s right to replace an abusive government to justify separation from Britain

The framework that established the United States as a federal constitutional republic with representative institutions and divided governmental powers

The revolution beginning in 1789 that attacked monarchy and legal privilege, established citizenship and a republic, and later produced terror and Napoleonic rule

France’s legal social divisions: the privileged clergy and nobility formed the First and Second Estates, while everyone else belonged to the Third Estate

The urban middle class of merchants and professionals whose wealth and influence were not matched by equal status under France’s estate system

The representative assembly summoned by Louis XVI in 1789 whose disputes over voting and representation triggered the French Revolution

The body formed by Third Estate representatives in 1789 that claimed to represent the French nation rather than the traditional estates

The 1789 French declaration of liberty, legal equality, fundamental rights, and national sovereignty that rejected inherited privilege and arbitrary rule

The radical phase of the French Revolution in 1793–1794 when the revolutionary government executed suspected enemies amid war and internal conflict

The general who seized power in 1799, ended the revolutionary republic, and spread selected revolutionary reforms through conquest

Napoleon’s standardized legal code, which preserved and spread selected revolutionary principles such as legal equality for men

The 1791–1804 uprising in Saint-Domingue that defeated French colonial rule, abolished slavery, and created the independent Black republic of Haiti

The best-known leader of the Haitian Revolution who led formerly enslaved forces and governed Saint-Domingue autonomously before dying in French imprisonment

The Haitian revolutionary leader who continued resistance after Toussaint’s capture and helped defeat French forces before Haitian independence in 1804

Early nineteenth-century struggles that ended most Spanish and Portuguese rule in the Americas but generally preserved elite power and social inequality

People born in Spain or Portugal who generally received preference for the highest offices in Iberian American colonies

People of European ancestry born in the Americas who often held wealth and land but resented exclusion from the highest colonial offices

Local governing councils formed during the crisis of the Spanish monarchy that often developed into movements for colonial independence

The revolutionary leader who led independence campaigns in northern South America and advocated independence and regional cooperation

Bolívar’s 1815 argument that Spanish rule had left Spanish Americans politically inexperienced and economically restricted and that independence and regional cooperation were necessary

Bolívar’s post-independence union of territories corresponding to modern Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama, which fragmented because of regional rivalries

The independence leader who conducted major military campaigns against Spanish rule in southern South America

The leader associated with the popular uprising that began Mexico’s independence struggle and mobilized many Indigenous and mixed-race supporters

The leader who continued Mexico’s popular independence movement after Hidalgo and linked independence with social and political reform

The conservative Creole leader who secured Mexican independence after elites came to fear liberal political change in Spain

Brazil’s 1822 separation from Portugal under Pedro I, producing an independent monarchy rather than an immediate republic

The Portuguese prince who declared Brazil independent in 1822 and became emperor of the new Brazilian state

Military or personalist strongmen who gained political power in fragmented post-independence Latin American states

The nationalist combination of popular activism, diplomacy, alliances, and war that created a constitutional Kingdom of Italy between 1861 and 1870

The Italian nationalist whose republican vision popularized the goal of a united Italian nation

The Piedmont-Sardinian prime minister who used diplomacy, alliances, and war to lead northern Italian unification under a monarchy

The Italian nationalist whose volunteer army conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and transferred it to the Piedmontese monarchy

The Prussian-led process of economic integration, diplomacy, and war that created the German Empire in 1871

The Prussian-led customs union that removed trade barriers and strengthened economic connections among many German states

The Prussian minister-president who used military reform, diplomacy, and wars against Denmark, Austria, and France to unify Germany under Prussia

Movements among Greek, Serbian, Romanian, Bulgarian, and other peoples seeking autonomy or independence from Ottoman rule

The nationalist revolt beginning in 1821 that ended with international recognition of an independent Greek state in 1830

The reform program promoting equal Ottoman citizenship and loyalty to the state in order to unite the empire’s diverse peoples

A Filipino reform movement that used writing and political organization to criticize Spanish abuses and promote equality, reform, and a broader Filipino identity

The leading writer of the Filipino Propaganda Movement whose criticism of colonial rule and 1896 execution encouraged more radical nationalism

The nationalist revolt against Spanish colonial rule that began in 1896 after colonial abuses and the failure of reform efforts encouraged more radical nationalism

The movement founded in the 1850s to unite Māori communities, preserve land, and create authority capable of resisting or negotiating with colonial government

Conflicts from the 1840s into the 1870s over Māori land and sovereignty that ended in colonial victory and major land confiscations

The poet and activist who used revolutionary writing, including lyrics associated with “La Borinqueña,” to promote Puerto Rican and Cuban independence

The unsuccessful 1868 Puerto Rican uprising that sought independence from Spain and the abolition of slavery

Government promotion of unity through schools, standardized language, flags, anthems, ceremonies, conscription, and shared national history

European uprisings demanding constitutions, representative government, national self-determination, or social reform; most were defeated but their demands endured

The 1870–1871 war in which Prussia led the German states against France, enabling the proclamation of the German Empire in 1871