AP®︎ World History: Topic 6.2 Flashcards

The extension of a state’s power over other territories and peoples through political, military, or economic control

The establishment and maintenance of political control over territory outside a state’s original borders

The formal incorporation of a territory into an expanding state or empire

A territory placed under an outside state’s sovereignty and governed by officials responsible to that state

A territory retaining a local government in form while an imperial power controls major policies such as diplomacy or defense

Direct rule used imperial officials and institutions; indirect rule governed through supervised local rulers or existing institutions

A colony receiving substantial permanent migration whose settlers claimed land, built institutions, and displaced or subordinated indigenous peoples

An imperial possession governed by an individual or private company rather than directly by a national government

Private company that ruled much of British-controlled India with armies and taxation powers until the Crown ended company rule in 1858

British Crown rule in India after 1858, replacing East India Company government while princely states remained under British paramountcy

Private Dutch company whose Asian possessions passed to the Dutch state after the company was dissolved in 1799

The Dutch state’s colonial empire in the Indonesian archipelago, consolidated after it assumed the VOC’s possessions in 1800

Belgian king who personally controlled the Congo Free State and used coercive labor systems to extract ivory and rubber

Leopold II’s personal Congo empire, recognized in 1884–1885 and notorious for forced labor before Belgium took control in 1908

Three wars from 1824 to 1885 through which Britain conquered Burma and annexed it to British India

French colonial union established in 1887 from conquered or subordinated territories in Vietnam and Cambodia, later including Laos

The United States annexed Hawaii in 1898 after American settlers and business interests helped overthrow Queen Liliʻuokalani in 1893

The 1898 war in which the United States defeated Spain and gained major territories in the Caribbean and Pacific

Treaty ending the Spanish-American War that gave Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States and ended Spanish rule in Cuba

The 1868 political transformation that created a centralized, industrializing Japanese state capable of imperial expansion

Japan abolished the Ryukyu Kingdom and incorporated it as Okinawa Prefecture in 1879

The 1894–1895 war in which Japan defeated Qing China and gained Taiwan and the Penghu Islands through the Treaty of Shimonoseki

The 1895 treaty ending the First Sino-Japanese War and transferring Taiwan and the Penghu Islands to Japan

Their relative imperial power fell as American colonies became independent and industrializing states gained dominance; Spain lost major colonies in 1898

The rapid late-nineteenth-century European conquest and partition of nearly all Africa through warfare, treaties, and colonial administration

The 1884–1885 meeting that set rules for European African claims, promoted effective occupation, and recognized Leopold’s Congo; Africans were excluded

Federation created in 1895 to consolidate France’s separately conquered West African territories under centralized colonial authority

The disputed 1840 agreement through which Britain claimed sovereignty over New Zealand despite differing English and Māori understandings

Nineteenth-century conflicts over land and sovereignty that accompanied British settlement and resulted in extensive confiscation of Māori land

The 1803 purchase of French territory that roughly doubled the land claimed by the United States

The United States incorporated Texas in 1845, contributing to tensions that led to war with Mexico

The 1846–1848 war in which the United States defeated Mexico and obtained vast western territories

The 1848 treaty ending the Mexican-American War and ceding California and a vast southwestern region to the United States

The United States purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867

Russia conquered and settled adjoining lands in the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Far East while subordinating diverse peoples and local governments

Russian policies promoting Russian language and culture among the empire’s culturally diverse subject peoples

Meiji Japan intensified settlement and administration in Hokkaido while displacing and assimilating the indigenous Ainu

Britain used companies, treaties, military campaigns, and state administration to expand coastal holdings into colonies and protectorates in the Gold Coast and Nigeria

The 1858 agreement by which Qing China transferred Far Eastern territory to Russia, strengthening Russian control along its Pacific frontier

The 1860 agreement that transferred additional Qing territory to Russia and helped enable Russia to establish Vladivostok

Uprising against East India Company rule that prompted Britain to abolish company government and transfer India to Crown rule in 1858

Permanent British migration brought Crown claims to sovereignty, Māori land loss and warfare, and settler-dominated self-government