AP®︎ World History: Topic 5.8 Flashcards

System combining private ownership and profit-seeking investment with mechanized production and wage labor

Organization of workers seeking shared goals such as higher wages, shorter hours, safer conditions, and the right to organize

Negotiation by workers as a group with an employer over wages, hours, rules, and working conditions

Collective withholding of labor by workers to pressure an employer to meet their demands

British laws of 1799–1800 that prohibited worker combinations until their repeal in 1824

British law recognizing trade unions as lawful organizations and allowing them to operate more openly

Mass political party rooted in the German industrial working class that pursued socialist and labor goals through politics

British law restricting children’s employment and hours in textile factories and creating factory inspectors

British law prohibiting women, girls, and very young boys from working underground in mines

Government protection against risks such as illness, workplace injury, disability, and old age

Conservative German chancellor who introduced health, accident, old-age, and disability insurance to aid workers and weaken socialism

Required schooling intended to expand literacy, prepare skilled and disciplined citizens, and move children out of workplaces

Early British national law promoting local sanitary administration in response to urban disease and poor sanitation

Roman Catholic Church’s 1891 encyclical defending private property and workers’ rights while rejecting unrestricted capitalism and revolutionary communism

Enterprise jointly owned by consumers or producers who share its benefits rather than depend entirely on profit-seeking employers or merchants

Broad family of ideologies favoring social or collective control of productive resources and a more equal distribution of wealth

Early socialist approach proposing planned cooperative communities as alternatives to competitive capitalism

British industrialist and utopian socialist who improved conditions at New Lanark and promoted cooperative communities

Utopian socialist who envisioned self-sufficient cooperative communities organized around shared labor

Revolutionary socialist who argued that class struggle would lead the proletariat to overthrow capitalism and establish communism

Marx’s collaborator and coauthor of the Communist Manifesto who helped develop and promote revolutionary socialism

Marx and Engels’s 1848 revolutionary pamphlet presenting history as class struggle and calling on workers of all countries to unite

Marx’s analysis of capitalism explaining how private ownership and exploitation of workers produced profit and inequality

Factories, mines, transportation systems, and other productive property used to produce goods and wealth

In Marxism, the capitalist class that owns the means of production

In Marxism, the wage-earning industrial working class that does not own the means of production

Conflict between economic classes, especially capitalist owners seeking profit and workers seeking better wages and conditions

Marxist theory that material production and class relations fundamentally shape political, social, and historical development

Workers’ awareness of their shared economic position and common interests as a class

Revolutionary Marxist goal of common ownership, abolition of capitalist private property, and an ultimately classless society

Reformist socialist tradition pursuing labor regulation, social insurance, public ownership, and greater equality through elections and legislation

Revolutionaries sought to overthrow the capitalist state, while parliamentary socialists pursued gradual change through elections, unions, and legislation

Ideology seeking voluntary associations in place of capitalism and coercive state authority, unlike Marxism’s temporary seizure of state power

Anarchist thinker who advocated replacing hierarchical states and capitalist ownership with voluntary associations

Ottoman reorganization from 1839 to 1876 that centralized administration and modernized the military, taxation, law, education, and infrastructure

Qing reform movement of the 1860s–1890s adopting Western military and industrial techniques while preserving Confucian political foundations

Qing official who sponsored arsenals, military modernization, and other Self-Strengthening projects

Leading Qing Self-Strengthening official who sponsored modern arsenals, shipyards, schools, communications, and state-supervised enterprises

War of 1894–1895 in which China’s defeat by Japan exposed the limitations of Qing Self-Strengthening

Brief 1898 Qing program proposing broader educational, administrative, military, and economic reforms before conservative opponents ended it

Qing emperor who supported the Hundred Days’ Reform and its program of wider institutional modernization

Powerful Qing conservative who ended the Hundred Days’ Reform and removed many reformers from power

British mass working-class campaign that used the People’s Charter to demand political reforms and greater worker representation

British reform program of 1838 demanding measures including universal male suffrage, secret ballots, and payment for members of Parliament