AP®︎ World History: Topic 4.2 Flashcards

Government financing, ships, commissions, legal privileges, claims, and military protection made repeated long-distance voyages sustainable

Summary of exploration’s linked motives: Christian expansion, commercial wealth, and political or personal prestige

Christian reconquest of Iberia, completed when Ferdinand and Isabella captured Granada in 1492; it helped connect Spanish exploration with Christian expansion

Portuguese prince who provided sustained royal patronage for African expeditions, geographic knowledge, and commerce, though he did not lead the major voyages

Portuguese “turn of the sea” technique of sailing into the open Atlantic to use prevailing winds for a faster return voyage

Portuguese explorer who rounded southern Africa in 1488, proving that the Atlantic connected to the Indian Ocean around the continent

Southern African cape rounded by Dias whose name reflected Portugal’s hope of reaching the Indian Ocean and Asia by sea

Portuguese explorer who rounded Africa and reached Calicut, India, in 1498, giving Portugal direct maritime access to Indian Ocean trade

Coastal commercial bases, sometimes fortified, where Portuguese merchants stored goods, traded, and supported shipping

Dispersed network of strategic coastal bases such as Goa, Malacca, Hormuz, and Macao used to influence shipping and trade with limited inland rule

Spanish monarchs who sponsored Columbus’s westward voyage after completing the conquest of Granada in 1492

Genoese mariner sponsored by Spain who reached the Caribbean in 1492 while seeking Asia, initiating a permanent state-supported Europe-Americas connection

The 1494 agreement dividing overseas claims: Portugal received lands east of a line west of Cape Verde, while Spain received lands west of it

Spanish explorer who crossed Panama in 1513 and became the first European expedition leader to view the Pacific from the Americas

Portuguese navigator under Spanish sponsorship who led the 1519 expedition around South America and across the Pacific but died in the Philippines

Spanish mariner who commanded Magellan’s remaining ship back to Spain in 1522 and completed the first circumnavigation

The 1519–1522 Magellan-Elcano expedition that first sailed around the world, proving the oceans were connected and revealing the Pacific’s immense scale

The Northwest Passage was a proposed route through or around northern North America; the Northeast Passage followed northern Eurasia

Venetian mariner sponsored by Henry VII who reached northeastern North America in 1497 while seeking a shorter route to Asia

English explorer who made three 1570s voyages into the Canadian Arctic while searching unsuccessfully for a Northwest Passage

Explorer who searched for northern routes under Dutch and English sponsorship, exploring the Hudson River in 1609 and Hudson Bay in 1610

French explorer who entered the Gulf and River of St. Lawrence beginning in 1534 while seeking a passage to Asia

Dutch navigator whose 1590s expeditions sought a Northeast Passage but were blocked by Arctic ice