AP®︎ World History: Topic 4.3 Flashcards

Post-1492 transfer of plants, animals, diseases, vectors, and people between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia, causing Indigenous depopulation, ecological change, and expanded Afro-Eurasian food supplies

Navigator whose Spanish-sponsored 1492 voyage began sustained contact between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia, initiating the Columbian Exchange

A disease regularly present in a population or region; long exposure gave Afro-Eurasian populations more resistance than Indigenous Americans had

An organism that carries and transmits pathogens, such as mosquitoes spreading malaria or rats and their parasites transporting disease

Catastrophic post-contact population decline caused primarily by smallpox, measles, malaria, and other diseases, with warfare, forced labor, famine, and displacement worsening mortality

A crop supplying a major share of ordinary calories; American maize, potatoes, sweet potatoes, and cassava diversified Afro-Eurasian diets and supported population growth

A crop grown mainly for sale rather than subsistence; sugar and tobacco were produced on American plantations for export to Europe and the Middle East

Large-scale, export-oriented farming that commonly used monoculture and coerced labor, especially for labor-intensive sugar production

Work compelled by force; Indigenous population decline and expanding cash-crop plantations intensified colonial demand for forced workers, including enslaved Africans

Outbreak in central Mexico that killed or incapacitated many Mexica, causing hunger and disruption and weakening them during the Spanish conquest