AP®︎ World History: Topic 4.4 Flashcards

An empire whose colonies, trading posts, territories, and commercial routes were connected primarily by sea

A maritime empire based on fortified coastal ports and control of trade routes rather than extensive inland conquest

The 1494 agreement establishing a papally supported line that divided Spanish and Portuguese overseas claims

A hybrid empire of fortified trading posts across Africa and Asia and a territorial plantation colony in Brazil

Portugal’s network of ports and fortified bases used to regulate parts of Indian Ocean commerce

A Portuguese naval pass that Indian Ocean ships could be required to purchase, generating revenue and pressuring merchants

A territorial empire centered in the Americas, created through Indigenous conquest and colonization, with the Philippines as its major Asian base

Spanish conquistador who used Indigenous allies and the effects of disease to defeat the Aztec Empire and capture Tenochtitlán in 1521

Spanish conquistador who exploited divisions and disease within the Inca Empire and began its conquest in the 1530s

An empire of selected ports, islands, and colonies centered in Asia on Batavia and aimed partly at controlling the spice trade

An empire combining settler colonies in North America, Caribbean plantations, and commercial footholds in India

An empire combining a fur-trading North American network dependent on Indigenous alliances with Caribbean plantations and Indian trading posts

Central African kingdom whose rulers gained influence through Portuguese diplomacy, Christianity, and Atlantic trade but suffered disruption from slave trading

Early-sixteenth-century Kongo ruler who promoted Christianity and Portuguese relations but protested unauthorized enslavement

West African state centered on Kumasi that expanded through centralized rule, control of gold and slave-trading routes, and imported firearms

Ruler associated with the late-seventeenth-century centralization and expansion of the Asante state

Policies limiting foreign commerce to approved ports and procedures to control piracy, smuggling, unauthorized merchants, and foreign influence

Selective policies that suppressed Christianity, expelled the Portuguese, and confined foreign commerce to controlled channels such as Nagasaki

Major Spanish American silver-mining center in the Andes that relied heavily on Indigenous labor supplied through the colonial mita

A Spanish Crown grant allowing a colonist to collect tribute or labor from an Indigenous community in exchange for protection and Christian instruction

A large Spanish American landed estate using wage labor, tenancy, coercion, or debt peonage to produce food or commercial crops

Temporary contract labor, often exchanged for Atlantic transportation, used especially in early English colonial economies

A system treating enslaved people as transferable property that became increasingly permanent, hereditary, and racialized in the Americas

An agricultural economy based on large-scale production of profitable export crops using extensive coerced labor

The commercial system that bought, sold, and forcibly transported enslaved Africans, chiefly to meet plantation labor demand in the Americas

The forced transatlantic voyage that transported enslaved Africans to the Americas under brutal and deadly conditions

Earlier African slavery was varied and sometimes allowed incorporation into households or communities; Atlantic slavery became more racialized, hereditary, permanent, and plantation-centered

The Inca mit’a supplied rotational community labor for state projects; the Spanish colonial mita adapted it to compel Indigenous labor for colonial extraction, especially at Potosí.

An established commercial system that continued to flourish despite European disruption, with Asian and African merchants remaining central to intra-Asian trade