AP®︎ World History: Topic 1.1 Flashcards

Chinese dynasty, 960–1279, that expanded Confucian civil government and oversaw major commercialization; the Southern Song ruled from Hangzhou after losing northern China in 1127

Mongol dynasty, 1271–1368, that retained Chinese administrative institutions but privileged Mongols and restricted Confucian examination recruitment

Mongol ruler who declared the Yuan Dynasty in 1271 and ruled China as an emperor while using many established Chinese institutions

Chinese dynasty founded in 1368 that expelled the Mongols, restored Confucian examinations, and strengthened centralized imperial rule

Belief that Heaven granted a dynasty authority while it governed properly and transferred that authority when misrule led to successful replacement

Centralized system of appointed officials who administered taxation, law, censuses, public works, grain transport, and local government for the emperor

Confucian examinations used to recruit educated male officials, reducing reliance on hereditary nobles while favoring families able to afford extensive schooling

Elite class whose status rested on Confucian education, examination success, government office, landownership, and mastery of literary culture

Ethical and political tradition emphasizing education, moral cultivation, hierarchy, reciprocal duties, and social harmony through proper relationships

Confucian duty to respect, obey, support, and honor parents and ancestors, making the orderly family a model for the state

Song-era reformulation of Confucianism that addressed Buddhist and Daoist ideas while reaffirming moral cultivation, family hierarchy, education, and public service

Most influential Neo-Confucian thinker, whose teachings stressed disciplined study, moral self-cultivation, social relationships, and investigation of principle

Practice that spread among elite Han Chinese families of binding girls’ feet as a sign of refinement and respectability, restricting mobility and reinforcing patriarchy

Diplomatic framework in which foreign rulers acknowledged the Chinese emperor and offered tribute in return for recognition, gifts, and access to trade

Phonetic Korean script developed by the fifteenth-century Joseon court, demonstrating cultural independence within the Chinese cultural sphere

Decentralized warrior government headed by a shogun after 1185, with military households and samurai exercising power while the emperor retained symbolic legitimacy

Independent Vietnamese state that adopted Chinese writing, Confucian education, examinations, and bureaucracy while retaining local customs and political independence

Asian religious tradition teaching that craving causes suffering and that ethical and spiritual practice, shaped by karma and rebirth, can lead to nirvana

Buddhist tradition emphasizing monastic discipline, early teachings, and the individual path to enlightenment, strongest in Sri Lanka and mainland Southeast Asia

Buddhist tradition teaching broad access to enlightenment and emphasizing bodhisattvas who help others, predominant in China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam

Tradition combining Mahayana and Vajrayana practices with Tibetan customs, emphasizing monasteries, ritual, lamas, visual art, and specialized meditation

Chinese Mahayana school emphasizing meditation, discipline, and direct insight; transmitted to Japan as Zen

Mahayana school centered on devotion to Amitabha Buddha and hope for rebirth in a Pure Land favorable to enlightenment

Growth of market production, monetary and credit transactions, regional specialization, urban consumption, and interconnected trade in Song China

Fast-ripening, drought-resistant rice from Vietnam that increased harvests, food surpluses, population, urbanization, and market production in China

Waterway linking southern rice-producing regions with northern centers, lowering transport costs and moving grain, taxes, officials, troops, and commercial goods

Large-scale Song manufacture of metals for farm tools, construction, weapons, and household goods, using improved furnaces and specialized workshops

Durable, high-fired Chinese ceramic produced in specialized kiln centers such as Jingdezhen and exported widely as both standardized and luxury goods

Printing method using carved blocks for whole pages, making Confucian classics, Buddhist scriptures, manuals, calendars, and literature cheaper to reproduce

Song inventor who developed movable type in the eleventh century, although woodblock printing remained more practical for written Chinese

Merchant deposit certificates or bills used to transfer funds over distance without carrying heavy strings of copper coins

Main basis of Song production: farmers and craftspeople were generally not serfs or slaves, though they still faced rents, taxes, debts, and state obligations

Korean dynasty, 918–1392, that adopted Chinese writing, examinations, and bureaucracy while retaining powerful aristocrats and strong Buddhist influence

Korean dynasty founded in 1392 that gave Neo-Confucianism greater official prominence while preserving an independent Korean monarchy and culture

Ritual honoring of deceased family members that reinforced kinship, filial obligations, and continuity between living and past generations

Japanese warriors who served military households and regional lords within the decentralized political order headed by shoguns

Printing method using reusable individual characters, developed by Bi Sheng, though woodblocks often remained more practical for written Chinese

Government-backed Song currency that facilitated large transactions by reducing the need to transport heavy copper coins