AP®︎ World History: Topic 2.2 Flashcards

Mobile herding lifestyle of the Mongolian steppe that produced skilled horsemen and supported fast-moving armies

Leader who unified the Mongol tribes, took the title Chinggis Khan in 1206, and founded the Mongol Empire

Assembly of Mongol leaders that selected khans, including Temujin as Chinggis Khan in 1206

Organization of warriors into units of 10, 100, 1,000, and tümen of about 10,000, mixing tribes under disciplined commanders

Commands and customary rulings associated with Chinggis Khan that promoted discipline and common obligations, not a surviving complete written code

Largest contiguous land empire in history, founded in 1206 and expanded across Eurasia before dividing into khanates

Hülegü’s 1258 capture of Baghdad, which ended the Abbasid caliphate there as a functioning territorial government

1260 Mamluk victory over a Mongol army in Palestine that checked Mongol expansion toward Egypt

Territory ruled by a khan; the Mongol Empire divided into four major khanates during the later thirteenth century

Mongol dynasty founded by Kublai Khan that ruled China from 1271 until its overthrow by the Ming in 1368

Grandson of Chinggis Khan who founded the Yuan dynasty and completed the Mongol conquest of Song China in 1279

Rebel leader who captured the Yuan capital in 1368, founded the Ming dynasty, and ended Yuan rule over China

Chinese dynasty founded by Zhu Yuanzhang in 1368 after the overthrow of the Mongol Yuan dynasty

Mongol khanate in Persia and Iraq that used Persian administrators and gradually adopted Persian culture and Islam

Grandson of Chinggis Khan who conquered Baghdad in 1258 and established Mongol rule in Persia and Iraq

Ilkhan who converted to Islam in 1295, illustrating Mongol adaptation to the culture of their Persian subjects

Mongol khanate that dominated the Rus’ principalities through indirect rule, tribute, and confirmation of local princes

Grandson of Chinggis Khan whose conquests in Russia and eastern Europe created the basis of the Golden Horde

Central Asian Mongol khanate that controlled important overland routes and later divided amid succession and nomadic-settled tensions

Pragmatic protection and patronage of multiple religions to reduce resistance and recruit useful officials and specialists

“Mongol Peace,” the relative security and political integration that encouraged Eurasian trade and travel in the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries

Merchant associations in which Mongol elites financed long-distance traders and shared in their profits

Mongol imperial relay system whose stations supplied authorized messengers with fresh horses, food, and lodging

Central Asian writing system adapted vertically for Mongolian to record decrees, diplomacy, administration, and political traditions

Greek medicine preserved and expanded by Islamic scholars whose wider circulation was reinforced, but not begun, by Mongol-era contacts

Indian decimal place-value numerals, including zero, spread through Islamic and European networks whose circulation Mongol-era integration reinforced

Gradual division caused by succession disputes, vast distances, regional adaptation, rival khanates, rebellions, fiscal problems, and disease

Fourteenth-century pandemic that weakened Mongol states by reducing populations and revenue and disrupting commerce and political stability

Failed Mongol invasions in 1274 and 1281 that demonstrated the limits of Mongol warfare in difficult maritime conditions