AP®︎ World History: Topic 4.5 Flashcards

European policies that used trade regulation, bullion accumulation, protected manufacturing, colonies, and naval power to increase state wealth and power

Gold and silver accumulated by mercantilist states as sources of national wealth and military power

English laws beginning in 1651 that reserved English and colonial commerce for English ships and challenged Dutch carrying trade

French minister who promoted manufacturing, regulated trade, and expanded France’s merchant marine through state-directed mercantilism

A company in which investors pooled capital, purchased shares, and divided profits and risks to finance expensive overseas ventures

A company granted exclusive trade rights and governmental powers by a ruler in return for advancing the state’s commercial and imperial interests

English company chartered in 1600 that traded in Asian goods and operated trading posts, armed forces, and political privileges

Dutch company founded in 1602 that used Batavia, armed force, and monopoly policies to dominate parts of the Southeast Asian spice trade

A European organized or fortified trading station in Asia or another overseas commercial region

English chartered company that participated in the Atlantic trade in enslaved Africans

Seventeenth-century wars driven partly by English efforts to challenge Dutch dominance of shipping and colonial commerce

Major Spanish-controlled silver-mining center in the Andes whose enormous output helped connect American labor to global commerce

The circulation of American silver across the Atlantic and Pacific to Europe and Asia, especially China, in exchange for Asian goods

Spanish ships that carried American silver from Acapulco to Manila and returned with Chinese and other Asian goods

The interconnected movement of commodities, capital, manufactured goods, and labor, including enslaved people, among Europe, Africa, and the Americas

A simplified model of European goods going to Africa, enslaved Africans to the Americas, and American commodities to Europe

The violent forced voyage that transported enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas

The forced transportation of millions of Africans to the Americas, enriching Atlantic commerce while causing demographic loss, warfare, and family disruption in Africa

Large-scale American production of export crops such as sugar and tobacco using coerced, especially enslaved, labor

A system in which merchants supplied raw materials to rural households that spun or wove goods at home for payment

Marriage in which one man has multiple wives; it became more common in some African regions affected by the export of men through the slave trade

The creation of new languages, foods, music, customs, and beliefs from African, Indigenous American, and European traditions

The blending or accommodation of beliefs and practices from different religions into a new or locally adapted tradition

Mexican Catholic devotion associated with 1531 apparitions that expressed Christianity through an Indigenous Nahua cultural setting

A syncretic Haitian religious tradition with colonial roots combining West and Central African sacred practices with elements of Catholicism

A syncretic Cuban religious tradition combining African sacred beings and rituals with Catholic saints and observances

A syncretic Brazilian religious tradition preserving African-derived spirits and rituals alongside elements of Catholic practice

Commercial and military competition as Europeans, especially the Portuguese, tried to control trade routes already used by Muslim merchants and states

Morocco invaded Songhai in 1591 to gain access to trans-Saharan gold and salt trade, defeating it at Tondibi but failing to establish stable regional control

Peasant and household production persisted but expanded as growing regional and global demand increased market-oriented agriculture and manufacturing

The slave trade removed many young adults, altered sex ratios and population growth, disrupted families, and increased women’s responsibilities in some African regions