AP®︎ World History: Unit 9 Flashcards

Wireless transmission that enabled rapid mass broadcasting of news, entertainment, speeches, emergency information, and propaganda across large territories

Mobile communication through networks divided into connected cells, allowing calls and data to continue as users move between locations

A global network of interconnected computer networks that enables rapid digital communication, information sharing, and coordination across borders

Aircraft transportation that reduced intercontinental journeys from weeks to hours and accelerated tourism, migration, business, military movement, and shipment of urgent goods

Standardized sealed cargo boxes transferred among ships, trains, and trucks without unpacking, lowering labor, time, losses, and shipping costs

Concentrated fossil-fuel energy used in engines, transportation, machinery, and petrochemicals, raising productivity and material output after 1900

Electricity generated when controlled nuclear fission produces heat and steam to turn turbines; it supplies large amounts of energy from little fuel

A reliable hormonal contraceptive that gave women greater control over whether and when to have children and contributed to declining fertility rates

Mid- and late twentieth-century spread of high-yield crops, irrigation, fertilizers, pesticides, machinery, research, and credit that increased food production but could deplete water, increase salinity, and pollute soil and water

Farming primarily for sale in markets, commonly using specialization, machinery, purchased inputs, irrigation, credit, and distribution networks

Crops whose genetic material is directly altered to produce traits such as insect, disease, or herbicide resistance

Preventive preparations that train the immune system to recognize particular pathogens, reducing illness, transmission, mortality, and disability when widely accessible

Medicines that kill bacteria or inhibit their growth, making bacterial infections more survivable, although drug resistance can limit their effectiveness and they do not treat viruses

A 1918–1919 global influenza pandemic spread by wartime movement and crowding that killed tens of millions and prompted quarantines, closures, surveillance, and further medical research

HIV attacks the immune system and can progress to AIDS; its global pandemic caused severe mortality, stigma, and social disruption, especially in sub-Saharan Africa

A severe disease spread through direct contact with infected bodily fluids; West African outbreaks caused social disruption and spurred improved diagnosis, protective practices, treatment, and vaccination

A parasitic disease spread by infected Anopheles mosquitoes that persists especially in tropical, poorer regions lacking sustained mosquito control, prevention, and treatment

An airborne bacterial disease, usually of the lungs, encouraged by crowding and weakened immunity; long antibiotic treatment can cure it, but incomplete treatment promotes drug resistance

A bacterial disease spread through food or water contaminated by human waste, causing deadly dehydration but preventable through sanitation and treatable with rapid fluid-and-salt replacement

Age-associated disorders of the heart and blood vessels that became leading causes of death as populations aged, with risk also shaped by smoking, diet, inactivity, obesity, and hypertension

A progressive disorder of memory, reasoning, behavior, and daily functioning whose prevalence rises sharply as more people survive into old age

Global pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus beginning in 2019 that produced mass illness and death, economic disruption, travel restrictions, public-health measures, and rapid vaccine development

Large-scale removal and conversion of forests, causing habitat loss, erosion, disrupted water cycles, and increased atmospheric carbon dioxide

Declining biological and economic productivity of drylands due to pressures such as overgrazing, overcultivation, deforestation, poor irrigation, and drought

Harmful atmospheric substances from industry, power plants, vehicles, household fuels, mining, and burning that cause disease, smog, acid rain, and environmental damage

Insufficient accessible freshwater to meet human and ecological needs because of overuse, pollution, drought, unequal distribution, or inadequate infrastructure

Heat-trapping gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and manufactured gases—whose rising concentrations strengthen the greenhouse effect

Human-caused long-term changes in climate, driven mainly by fossil-fuel combustion, industry, agriculture, and deforestation, whose central feature is a rise in Earth’s average global temperature

The 1997 climate agreement that placed binding emissions targets mainly on developed countries, reflecting their greater historical responsibility

The 2015 climate agreement using nationally determined commitments to keep warming well below 2°C and pursue a limit of 1.5°C.

Increasing integration of regions through flows of goods, capital, people, information, ideas, and culture; post-1900 technologies greatly increased its speed, scale, and reach

An economy in which private individuals and businesses make most production, pricing, investment, and exchange decisions through markets

Reducing government restrictions on private enterprise and international exchange through measures such as privatization, deregulation, and freer trade

Late twentieth-century ideology favoring privatization, deregulation, free trade, lower taxes, and reduced state direction of the economy

U.S. president, 1981–1989, who promoted tax cuts, deregulation, private enterprise, and reduced organized labor’s influence

British prime minister, 1979–1990, who privatized state enterprises, reduced some taxes, weakened unions, and promoted competition

Deng Xiaoping’s program of expanding markets, private activity, foreign investment, and export-oriented production in China after 1978

Chilean military dictator, 1973–1990, who cut tariffs and spending, privatized enterprises and pensions, and encouraged foreign investment

Spread of computers, telecommunications, digital networks, cellular communication, and the internet, sharply reducing the cost of transmitting information

An economy relying heavily on education, research, information, technical expertise, innovation, intellectual property, and professional services

Offshoring moves an activity to another country; outsourcing hires an outside firm to perform it, whether domestic or foreign

Decline of factory production and industrial employment in older manufacturing regions as plants close or production relocates

A business owning, controlling, or managing operations in multiple countries, such as Nestlé, Nissan, or Mahindra & Mahindra

Production systems dividing research, components, assembly, marketing, and sales among locations in multiple countries

Institution founded in 1995 to establish and monitor international trade rules, negotiate agreements, and provide procedures for resolving disputes among member states

Bretton Woods institution created to address international monetary and balance-of-payments problems by providing short-term crisis assistance, often with policy conditions criticized for imposing austerity and limiting sovereignty

Bretton Woods institution that finances long-term economic development projects and programs but has faced criticism over loan conditions and wealthy-country influence

1994 agreement reducing trade and investment barriers among Canada, Mexico, and the United States; replaced by USMCA in 2020

Regional organization founded in 1967 to promote Southeast Asian stability, economic cooperation, trade, investment, and integration while emphasizing sovereignty and noninterference

Regional organization with a single market and institutions that exercise some supranational authority shared by member states

Economic and political division between generally wealthier, industrialized states concentrated in the Global North and generally poorer, formerly colonized states concentrated in the Global South

Rights and freedoms considered inherent to every person regardless of nationality, race, sex, religion, or other status, including civil, political, social, and economic rights

Language presenting equality, protection, or opportunity as an enforceable right rather than charity granted by those in power

Nonbinding UN declaration adopted in 1948 that established international standards for universal civil, political, economic, and social rights and supplied reformers with a global rights vocabulary

Diverse movements challenging gender inequality in voting, education, employment, property, family law, health, and protection from violence

Movement using litigation, boycotts, sit-ins, freedom rides, marches, and nonviolent protest to challenge Jim Crow segregation and racial discrimination

South African and international struggle led prominently by the ANC and Nelson Mandela against legal racial segregation and white-minority rule, culminating in negotiations under F. W. de Klerk and the 1994 universal-suffrage election

The principle that environmental benefits, harms, and decision-making power are distributed unevenly among social groups and communities

Transnational environmental organization founded in 1971 that uses direct action, media campaigns, and advocacy against nuclear testing, pollution, deforestation, and other harms

Kenyan movement founded in 1977 that organized rural women to plant trees, restore resources, strengthen livelihoods, and oppose government abuses

Movement seeking fairer international exchange through better producer prices, acceptable labor conditions, sustainable production, cooperatives, and consumer certification

The increasingly rapid, large-scale movement of art, entertainment, information, lifestyles, and consumer practices across national and regional boundaries

A transnational environment in which widely recognized products, brands, advertisements, and purchases express identity, status, taste, and lifestyle

Popular music combining African American blues, rhythm and blues, gospel, and country influences that emerged in the United States and spread globally through records, radio, film, and touring

Jamaican music originating in the late 1960s that spread globally through records, radio, migration, touring, and performers such as Bob Marley

Cultural movement originating among Black and Latino communities in 1970s New York that joined rapping, DJing, breakdancing, and graffiti before spreading globally

The Hindi-language commercial film industry centered in Mumbai, combining South Asian conventions with global cinema technology and distribution

The apparent reduction of cultural differences and displacement of distinct local cultures as similar global media, brands, languages, products, and practices spread among societies

The dominance or spread of one society’s culture over others through unequal control of media, markets, education, political power, or cultural institutions

The adoption or spread of cultural practices, products, values, media, and consumer habits associated with the United States

Anti-globalization opposes global integration or its institutions; alter-globalization seeks fairer, more democratic global connections rather than isolation

Large labor, environmental, and human-rights demonstrations that disrupted the 1999 WTO ministerial meeting in Seattle and publicized opposition to corporate-led globalization and trade policy

Movement seeking strict adherence to doctrines regarded as foundational to a religion, often in reaction against secularism, modernity, or cultural change

Promotion of a nation’s shared language, history, religion, traditions, or cultural identity as a basis for unity, autonomy, or resistance to foreign influence

Intergovernmental organization founded in 1945 to maintain international peace and facilitate cooperation on global problems

Deployment of multinational personnel to monitor cease-fires, separate combatants, protect aid, and support peace agreements, usually with the parties’ consent

United Nations specialized agency founded in 1948 to coordinate international public health, monitor diseases, set health standards, and support prevention and treatment programs

A cross-border organization not composed of sovereign states, unlike an intergovernmental organization

Continental intergovernmental organization founded in 2002 to promote African cooperation, integration, development, peace, security, and collective action