AP®︎ World History: Topic 6.6 Flashcards

Push factors drive people from an origin, such as famine or unemployment; pull factors attract them to a destination, such as land, wages, or jobs

Population growth strains available land, food, and employment, disrupting livelihoods and encouraging migration

An 1845–1852 potato-blight disaster intensified by poverty and unequal land access that drove mass Irish migration, especially to the United States

Industrialization concentrated factory, mining, construction, and transportation jobs, pulling internal and international migrants toward cities and industrial regions

The interconnected capitalist economy created distant labor demands filled through voluntary, coerced, and semicoerced migration

Voluntary migrants choose to move; coerced migrants are forced; semicoerced migrants formally agree but face deception, debt, severe pressure, or restrictions on leaving

Enslaved people were transported and forced to work without the freedom to choose their destination or employer

Fixed-term Indian contract labor sent after abolition to places such as the Caribbean, Mauritius, Fiji, Africa, and Southeast Asia, often under semicoerced conditions

Chinese workers were recruited for overseas plantations, mines, and railroads through arrangements ranging from voluntary contracts to deception, debt, confinement, and violence

States transported sentenced prisoners and compelled their labor, as Britain did in Australia, combining punishment, colonization, and coerced migration

Steamships made ocean travel faster, more regular, and eventually cheaper, increasing long-distance migration and making return journeys more practical

Railroads linked inland regions with cities and ports, lowering travel time and cost while directing migrants toward urban and interior jobs

The growth of cities and of the urban share of the population, accelerated as internal and international migrants moved toward concentrated employment

Internal migration remains within a state or empire; external migration crosses political boundaries

Movement from the countryside to cities for concentrated industrial and commercial employment, contributing to nineteenth-century urbanization

Migrants’ periodic or permanent movement back to their home society, made more practical by faster and cheaper transportation

Skilled professionals who migrated for work created by British imperial expansion, infrastructure, mining, and commercial investment

Labor migrants who traveled to Hawaii and other Pacific destinations for farm work and could later return to Japan by steamship

Migrants from Ottoman Syria who pursued commerce in the Americas, with some returning home after accumulating savings

Transatlantic labor migrants whose regular steamship connections allowed some to return periodically or permanently to Italy