AP®︎ World History: Topic 3.2 Flashcards

Making a ruler’s authority appear lawful, sacred, traditional, or otherwise worthy of obedience

Strengthening effective central control by restraining rivals, supervising elites, building institutions, and securing revenue

An organized body of officials who implement policy, keep records, administer laws, and supervise taxation and supplies

Privileged, trained officials whose education, office, or ties to the ruler gave them major governing roles

Soldiers and commanders whose primary occupation was organized state service, often supported by salaries, stipends, and specialized training

Ottoman levy of Christian boys who were converted, trained, and placed in the sultan’s military or household administration

Elite salaried Ottoman infantry, originally recruited largely through devshirme, whose firearms and palace loyalty strengthened the sultan

Tokugawa-era warriors paid stipends who increasingly served as officials, record keepers, managers, and magistrates during peacetime

Tokugawa system requiring daimyo to alternate residence between their domains and Edo while their families generally remained in Edo

Mughal ranked-service system in which a mansabdar’s rank determined status, salary, and military or administrative obligations

Transferable Mughal assignments granting officials the right to collect revenue from designated lands as compensation

Hindu regional rulers incorporated into Mughal service in exchange for rank, recognition, and cooperation with the emperor

Safavid military and administrative servants, often Caucasian Christians converted to Islam and trained to depend on the shah

Safavid ruler who expanded the ghulam corps to strengthen the monarchy against the power of Qizilbash tribal elites

The Qing military and social organization that preserved Manchu identity and supplied the dynasty’s distinct military base

Confucian examination system retained from the Ming to recruit scholar-officials and gain the cooperation of Chinese elites

European theory that a monarch’s legitimate authority came from God and resistance challenged the divinely established order

French “Sun King” who joined divine-right monarchy, centralized court ceremony, and control of nobles at Versailles

French bishop who argued that royal authority was sacred and that kings were accountable to God

Conditional Chinese belief that a dynasty ruled with cosmic approval but could lose it through misrule and disorder

Songhai ruler who made the pilgrimage to Mecca and supported Muslim judges, scholars, and learning to reinforce royal authority

Public religious offerings presented as sustaining cosmic order and displaying the ruler’s ability to fulfill obligations to the gods

Formal images using imperial clothing, symbols, and poses to depict the emperor as the stable center of legitimate order

Cuzco temple linking the Sapa Inca to the sun god Inti while displaying imperial labor, wealth, and sacred authority

Shah Jahan’s marble mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal, projecting Mughal piety, wealth, dynastic memory, and command of resources

Mughal emperor who commissioned the Taj Mahal as a dynastic mausoleum and display of imperial power

Louis XIV’s palace and court, which displayed divine-right monarchy while keeping nobles dependent on royal access and favor

A tax is a compulsory government payment; tribute is a payment that more directly acknowledges subordination to a dominant ruler

A compulsory payment made in products such as grain, cloth, or livestock rather than currency

Mughal landholders or local intermediaries who collected taxes from cultivators and transmitted an assessed share to the government

Mughal emperor under whom officials developed more systematic land measurement and revenue assessment while incorporating diverse elites

Akbar’s finance minister who developed systematic Mughal land measurement, productivity classification, and revenue assessment

Mughal revenue system that measured cultivated land and used productivity, crop yields, and prices to set assessments

Mughal method using ten-year averages of yields and prices to create more standardized revenue assessments, often payable in cash

System in which a collector paid the state for collection rights, then kept revenue collected above the agreed amount

Ming reforms consolidating numerous land taxes, labor duties, and payments in kind into assessments paid largely in silver

Ming statesman who widely extended the Single Whip reforms during the 1570s and 1580s

Pictorial records of conquered places and required goods showing how the Mexica converted conquest into tribute; the surviving Codex Mendoza was compiled after the Spanish conquest

Askia Muhammad patronized Muslim scholars, judges, pilgrimage, and learning to legitimize Songhai rule among commercial and urban elites

Safavid Turkic tribal warriors whose powerful commanders were counterbalanced by Shah Abbas I through his expansion of the ghulam service elite

Japanese regional lords whose domains the Tokugawa shogunate supervised through measures such as alternate attendance

Money whose value rests on its material, such as silver, rather than on an unsupported paper claim

The Ming increasingly assessed major obligations in silver, monetizing taxation and connecting state revenue to markets and global silver flows

Monumental buildings that displayed Mughal wealth and piety while connecting the dynasty to Islamic, Persianate, and South Asian traditions