AP®︎ European History: Unit 3 Flashcards

A territorial state whose government claims final political authority within its borders without legal subordination to an outside power

The 1648 settlement ending the Thirty Years’ War that reinforced territorial sovereignty and recognized Dutch, Swiss, and German territorial autonomy

Monarchical rule claiming final sovereign authority over law, taxation, justice, the military, foreign policy, and religion without constitutional subordination to representative institutions

Doctrine that monarchs received authority from God, were accountable to God rather than their subjects, and could not legitimately be removed by popular action

The principle that rulers should prioritize preserving and strengthening the state over religious solidarity or ordinary moral expectations

A system in which law and representative institutions constrain monarchical authority and make the ruler subject to established legal limits

Post-1648 principle that states should use shifting alliances, war, and negotiated settlements to prevent any one power from dominating Europe

French revolts from 1648 to 1653 in which magistrates, officeholders, princes, and nobles resisted royal taxation and centralization but failed, strengthening the monarchy and shaping Louis XIV’s distrust of independent elites

The 1640 revolt against Spanish taxation, troop quartering, and centralization that defended Catalonia’s laws and institutions but failed by 1652

First Stuart king of England, ruling from 1603 to 1625, who asserted divine-right monarchy and broad royal prerogative but clashed with and remained financially dependent on Parliament

Stuart king whose nonparliamentary taxation, Personal Rule, and religious policies provoked civil war; executed in 1649

Parliament’s 1628 assertion against taxation without consent, arbitrary imprisonment, forced quartering, and peacetime martial law

Naval levy Charles I extended inland and collected in peacetime without Parliament, provoking resistance to nonparliamentary taxation

Parliament summoned in November 1640 that dismantled Personal Rule, challenged Charles I, and remained in changing forms until 1660

Connected wars of 1642–1651 between Royalists and Parliamentarians over political and religious authority, extending across England, Scotland, and Ireland

Royalists supported Charles I, while Parliamentarians fought to defend Parliament against the king

Centralized, disciplined Parliamentarian army created in 1645 that defeated the Royalists and became a powerful political institution

Puritan Parliamentarian commander who led the New Model Army, established the Protectorate, and ruled as Lord Protector from 1653 to 1658

Charles I was convicted of treason against the English people and beheaded on January 30, 1649, establishing that a king could be held legally accountable

Republic established after Charles I’s execution and the abolition of the monarchy and House of Lords, lasting until the Restoration in 1660

Army-backed regime of 1653–1659 in which Cromwell ruled as Lord Protector with concentrated personal and military power

Return of Charles II and restoration of the monarchy, House of Lords, and Church of England in 1660

Restored Stuart king who ruled from 1660 to 1685 and faced parliamentary suspicion over Catholicism, toleration, and royal authority

The 1679 English law requiring authorities to justify a prisoner’s detention before a court and strengthening protection against arbitrary imprisonment

Catholic Stuart king whose dispensing power, appointments, standing army, and Declarations of Indulgence provoked the Glorious Revolution

Overthrow of James II in 1688–1689 and parliamentary transfer of the crown to William III and Mary II under legal limits

Protestant joint monarchs given the English crown by Parliament after James II’s overthrow in the Glorious Revolution and required to govern under legal and parliamentary limits

1689 settlement barring unilateral suspension of laws, taxation, or peacetime armies while affirming parliamentary elections, debate, petition, and frequent sessions

Law granting limited worship rights to many Protestant dissenters but not political equality or toleration for Catholics

The principle that Parliament is the supreme lawmaking authority and that taxation, statutes, and peacetime military funding require its authorization

The gradual, uneven adoption of new land use, cultivation, livestock, and farm-management practices that increased agricultural productivity, especially in Britain and the Netherlands

A village farming system in which peasant households cultivated scattered strips in common fields and shared access to communal grazing and resources

The consolidation of scattered strips and common lands into compact, privately controlled farms, encouraging investment while displacing some customary users

The planned alternation of crops, including turnips and clover, to preserve soil fertility, reduce fallow, support more livestock, and raise agricultural output

English agricultural innovator associated with the seed drill, which planted seeds in regular rows at controlled depths and reduced waste

The deliberate mating of animals with desired traits to produce larger, healthier, or more productive livestock, associated in Britain with Robert Bakewell

The transfer of plants, animals, diseases, people, and commodities between the Americas and the Eastern Hemisphere following European contact

An American crop increasingly cultivated especially in northern, central, and eastern Europe that supplied many calories per acre and grew in soils unsuitable for some grains

Decentralized production in which merchants supplied raw materials to rural households, paid them for processing goods, and sold the finished products

The expansion of decentralized manufacturing for distant markets before mechanized factory production

An economy in which production responds chiefly to prices and demand, with private capital, contracts, credit, wage labor, and commercial exchange allocating resources

A business in which multiple investors purchased shares and divided the profits or losses of costly commercial ventures

An organized market where investors buy and sell shares in companies and other financial securities

A bank founded in 1694 through a private loan to the English government that accepted deposits, issued notes, extended credit, and organized public borrowing

Government debt maintained as a continuing national obligation, with investors receiving interest backed by dependable public revenue

The seventeenth- and eighteenth-century expansion of banking, insurance, investment markets, and public credit that mobilized private capital on a larger scale

State-directed economic policy using tariffs, monopolies, protected manufacturing, colonies, and regulated trade to increase exports, revenue, national wealth, and political power

English laws beginning in 1651 that reserved much imperial trade for English ships and routed specified colonial goods and imports through England

The commercial network linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas through manufactured goods, enslaved people, plantation commodities, foodstuffs, and precious metals

Model of Atlantic trade in which European goods went to Africa, enslaved Africans went to the Americas, and American commodities went to Europe

The brutal Atlantic crossing that forcibly carried enslaved Africans from Africa to the Americas under deadly, overcrowded conditions

The forced transportation and sale of millions of Africans across the Atlantic to supply enslaved labor in the Americas

Large-scale commercial farming organized to produce export crops such as sugar, tobacco, coffee, rice, indigo, and cotton with bound or enslaved labor

The eighteenth-century expansion of purchases by broader social groups of imported and commercially produced goods such as sugar, tea, coffee, tobacco, textiles, and porcelain

The revolt from 1568 to 1648 in which the northern Netherlands resisted Spanish Habsburg centralization, taxation, and religious repression, established the Dutch Republic, and gained recognized independence

Decentralized republic created by seven northern provinces after their Protestant revolt against Spanish Habsburg rule

The decentralized, oligarchic, and commercially oriented republic created by seven northern provinces after their revolt against Spanish Habsburg rule

Central assembly of provincial delegates responsible chiefly for foreign policy, common defense, and matters affecting the entire Dutch union

Provincial executive and military office, usually held by the House of Orange; stadholders often commanded armies and exercised patronage but were not sovereign kings

Socially exclusive families of merchants, financiers, lawyers, and urban landowners whose wealth and control of municipal offices made them the Republic’s urban governing elite

Joint-stock company founded in 1602 with an Asian trade monopoly and powers to govern territory, negotiate treaties, maintain armies, and wage war

Bank founded in 1609 that accepted deposits and enabled reliable transfers using stable bank money for international trade

The securities market established in early seventeenth-century Amsterdam where investors traded shares, especially those of the Dutch East India Company

Seventeenth-century period, especially c. 1600–1672, when the Dutch Republic became a leading commercial, financial, maritime, artistic, and intellectual power

Seventeenth-century naval wars between England and the Dutch Republic over maritime commerce, colonies, and control of international trade

The 1683 defeat of the Ottoman siege of Vienna by a relief force led by John III Sobieski, ending sustained Ottoman expansion into Central Europe

The anti-French coalition of England, the Dutch Republic, the Holy Roman emperor, Spain, and other states formed to check Louis XIV’s expansion

The 1701–1714 war fought to prevent Philip V’s inheritance of Spain from producing a union of the French and Spanish crowns

The 1713 settlement that kept Philip V in Spain but barred a Franco-Spanish union and redistributed European and colonial territories among the victors

Charles VI’s measure permitting his daughter Maria Theresa to inherit the Habsburg lands

The 1740–1748 conflict over Maria Theresa’s inheritance in which Prussia seized Silesia and emerged as a major Central European power

The 1756 alliance reversal in which Austria allied with France while Britain allied with Prussia

The 1756–1763 global conflict in which Prussia survived a European coalition while Britain defeated France in major colonial and naval theaters

A federated elective monarchy dominated by the Polish-Lithuanian nobility whose decentralized institutions and liberum veto weakened central authority

The Polish rule allowing one Sejm deputy to block legislation and dissolve the assembly’s session

The 1772, 1793, and 1795 divisions of Poland-Lithuania by Russia, Prussia, and Austria, ending its independence after the Third Partition

The transformation toward infantry, firearms, mobile artillery, elaborate fortifications, standing armies, drill, and military administration requiring greater state resources

A permanent state-maintained army with regular pay, standardized weapons, uniforms, drill, and command structures

Low, thick, angled star fortresses with projecting bastions perfected by French engineer Vauban to provide overlapping defensive fire and resist artillery and siege assaults

A government organized to raise taxes and credit through bureaucracy and convert them into permanent armed forces, supplies, administration, and sustained military power

French king whose personal rule from 1661 to 1715 expanded royal control over administration, finance, the military, religion, and elite politics

Louis XIV's palace and governmental center, where court ritual, patronage, and competition for royal favor made ambitious nobles politically dependent on the king

Crown-appointed French commissioners who supervised provincial justice, policing, finance, taxation, and administration while monitoring local institutions and hereditary nobles

Sovereign law courts, including the Parlement of Paris, that registered royal edicts but were not representative legislatures like the English Parliament

French bishop who defended monarchy as sacred, paternal, absolute, and rational, making resistance to the king contrary to divine political order

Louis XIV's controller-general of finances who used mercantilist regulation, manufacturing, infrastructure, commerce, and naval expansion to strengthen the French state

Jean-Baptiste Colbert’s French mercantilist program of tariffs, subsidies, production standards, infrastructure, colonial expansion, and support for manufacturing and shipping

Louis XIV's 1685 decree revoking the Edict of Nantes, outlawing Protestant worship and prompting approximately 150,000 to 200,000 Huguenots to flee France

French Calvinist Protestants who received limited rights under the Edict of Nantes but faced renewed persecution after Louis XIV revoked it in 1685

The continuation or intensification of serfdom in central and eastern Europe, where landlords compelled bound peasants to produce marketable surpluses

The composite monarchy of the Austrian Habsburg dynasty whose central and eastern European territories shared a ruler but retained distinct laws, privileges, and institutions

Hohenzollern ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia from 1640 to 1688 who built a standing army, strengthened taxation and central administration, and allied with the Junkers

The landowning Prussian nobility who dominated rural society, controlled enserfed peasants, and served the Hohenzollern monarchy as military officers and officials

Prussian king from 1713 to 1740 who centralized administration, expanded the standing army, enforced strict discipline, and made Prussia a fiscal-military state

Russian tsar who used coercive westernization to reorganize the military, bureaucracy, church, education, economy, and elite culture while strengthening autocracy

State-directed adoption of selected Western military, administrative, scientific, industrial, educational, and elite cultural practices to strengthen Russian autocracy

The 1700–1721 war in which Peter the Great’s modernized Russia and its allies defeated Sweden, gained Baltic territory, ended Swedish supremacy, and established Russia as a major European power

Peter's western-style Baltic capital, founded in 1703 and built through state coercion to serve as Russia's window to the West

Peter's 1722 system dividing military, civil, and court service into fourteen grades and linking noble status and advancement to service to the tsar

Church governing body created by Peter in 1721 to replace the Moscow patriarchate and place the Russian Orthodox Church under secular state supervision

Russian empress from 1762 to 1796 who continued westernization and administrative expansion while preserving autocracy and relying on a privileged nobility

Massive Cossack and peasant uprising of 1773–1775 after which Catherine relied more heavily on nobles to preserve order