AP®︎ European History: Topic 6.4 Flashcards

The division of production into specialized tasks, which increased efficiency and created distinct occupations and class positions

Organization of labor around clocks, fixed shifts, supervision, and employer rules rather than household routines, seasons, or craft autonomy

The property-owning and professional middle class, including industrialists, merchants, investors, managers, and professionals

The lower middle class of shopkeepers, small proprietors, clerks, teachers, and lesser officials

The industrial working class, whose members owned little productive property and lived primarily by selling their labor for wages

Awareness among members of a class that they share interests and experiences distinct from those of other social groups

Worker-funded associations that provided limited assistance during sickness, unemployment, injury, or death

Worker organizations that used collective bargaining, strikes, and shared action to pursue better wages, hours, and working conditions

Large landowners who retained economic, social, and political dominance in less industrialized southern and eastern Europe

An increase in both the number and the proportion of people living in towns and cities

Movement from villages and farms to industrial towns for work, causing urban overcrowding and losses of labor and community cohesion in rural areas

The leading example of an industrial city, where textile production drove rapid growth, overcrowding, pollution, class segregation, and worker organization

A family centered on parents and their dependent children rather than primarily on extended kin or household production

The bourgeois ideal assigning men to public work and politics and women to the private sphere of home, children, and morality

A household economy that pooled the earnings of husbands, wives, and children because one wage was usually insufficient

A family model in which the husband earned the principal wage while the wife concentrated on unpaid domestic work

British law that barred children under nine from most textile mills, limited older children’s hours, required some schooling, and created factory inspectors

British law that prohibited underground mine work by women and girls and by boys under ten

British law limiting women and young people in textile mills to a ten-hour workday, indirectly shortening many men’s workdays as well

Economic marriage emphasized property, wages, and family strategy; companionate marriage increasingly emphasized affection and emotional partnership as well

The shift from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as mortality fell and families increasingly limited births

An 1835 defense of mechanized factories as sources of productivity, order, discipline, and national prosperity

An 1845 critique describing disease, polluted housing, insecure employment, and exploitation in industrial cities, especially Manchester

Employment of children for low wages in factories and mines, where long hours, dangerous conditions, and limited schooling prompted gradual legal restrictions