AP®︎ European History: Topic 9.8 Flashcards

Ideas and movements seeking greater political, legal, economic, and social equality for women

Feminist activism focused chiefly on political and legal rights, especially women’s suffrage

Feminist thought and activism from the 1960s through the 1980s addressing inequality in work, education, sexuality, marriage, family life, and culture

Approach seeking equal rights and access for women within existing political, economic, and social institutions

Approach connecting women’s subordination to capitalism, class inequality, and unpaid domestic labor

Approach emphasizing patriarchal power in sexuality, family life, and culture as a source of women’s subordination

French existentialist philosopher whose The Second Sex argued that society constructed women’s dependent roles

Simone de Beauvoir’s 1949 work arguing that culture made woman the subordinate “Other” rather than femininity following naturally from biology

Western feminists pressed pluralist governments for reform, while communist states imposed formal equality and female employment but restricted independent activism

Informal or institutional barriers preventing women from reaching an occupation’s highest levels despite the absence of explicit legal exclusion

The concentration of men and women in different kinds or levels of work, often leaving women in lower-paid positions

Women’s combined responsibility for paid employment and a disproportionate share of unpaid housework and childcare

Reliable contraception introduced in Europe in the early 1960s that enabled women to plan childbirth and separate sexual activity more effectively from reproduction

A reproductive procedure in which an egg is fertilized outside the body and an embryo is transferred to the uterus

Britain’s first female prime minister, serving from 1979 to 1990; her rise demonstrated women’s access to executive power, not necessarily a feminist program

First female president of Ireland, serving from 1990 to 1997

France’s first female prime minister, serving from 1991 to 1992

Chancellor of Germany from 2005 to 2021 and a prominent example of women’s continued rise to national leadership