AP®︎ European History: Topic 6.3 Flashcards

The c. 1870–1914 phase of larger-scale, science-based industrialization centered on steel, chemicals, electricity, petroleum, and integrated markets, with growth concentrated unevenly across Europe

A method patented in 1856 that forced air through molten iron, removing impurities and enabling faster, cheaper mass production of steel

The process by which an innovation in one industry lowers costs or expands capabilities across many related industries

The immense German steel and armaments firm at Essen that exemplified industrial concentration, heavy industry, and close ties between business and the state

A science-based second-wave industry producing synthetic dyes, fertilizers, explosives, medicines, soaps, and other commercial chemicals, led especially by Germany

A process developed before World War I for industrially producing ammonia used in both chemical fertilizers and explosives

A flexible form of power distributed through electrical networks to operate machinery, lighting, transportation, businesses, and homes

A company that generated and distributed electricity through costly power stations, cables, meters, and coordinated urban networks

An engine that burns fuel within itself to produce mechanical motion, making petroleum-powered automobiles and airplanes possible

Manufacturing large quantities of standardized goods at low unit cost through specialized machinery, interchangeable parts, and predictable processes

An organization of salaried managers, engineers, accountants, and office workers who coordinated the specialized operations of large industrial firms

Interconnected rail systems that lowered transport costs, linked resources and factories to consumers, and transformed regional markets into national economies

An economy in which transportation and communication connect regional producers and consumers to national prices, demand, and markets

Steam-powered vessels whose improved engines, steel hulls, and cargo capacity made overseas shipping faster, cheaper, and more reliable

Refrigerated railway cars and ships that allowed meat, dairy products, and other perishables to travel long distances without spoiling

A worldwide system linking European producers, consumers, banks, and merchants to overseas food, raw materials, markets, and financial flows

A system transmitting coded electrical messages over wires, allowing governments, railways, newspapers, and merchants to communicate rapidly across long distances

A technology commercialized from the 1870s that enabled direct voice communication, initially chiefly for businesses, governments, and wealthy households

Technology developed in the 1890s for transmitting signals without wires, used before 1914 mainly for communication between ships and land

Electrically powered urban transit that increased mobility and allowed residential districts to expand beyond convenient walking distance from city centers

An economic and cultural pattern in which acquiring and using commercially produced goods became increasingly important to everyday life and personal identity

The large-scale creation and direction of consumer demand through advertising, catalogs, brand names, packaging, displays, and sales promotions

A large urban retailer offering diverse goods at fixed prices while using displays, advertising, and sales to make shopping a leisure activity

Profit-making activities such as tourism, resorts, theaters, music halls, exhibitions, bicycling, and spectator sports created for mass urban audiences

The shift toward lower mortality and eventually lower birth rates, with population initially growing because death rates fell faster than births

Alternating periods of economic expansion, overinvestment, falling prices, recession, unemployment, and renewed growth

The prolonged period of economic difficulty and price deflation beginning with the financial crisis of 1873, despite continued growth in some industries

The merger or coordination of firms operating at the same stage of production to reduce competition and increase control over prices

The control of multiple stages of production and distribution, from raw materials through manufacturing, transportation, and sales, by one enterprise

An agreement among nominally independent firms to coordinate prices, divide markets, or limit production, especially common in German heavy industry

Dominant control of a market by one firm or a closely coordinated group, allowing it to restrict competition and influence prices

A method of raising large amounts of capital by dividing ownership of an enterprise into shares purchased by investors

The principle restricting an investor's potential loss to the amount invested, encouraging investment in large and risky enterprises

Banks, especially important in Germany, that combined ordinary banking with long-term industrial investment and close relationships with major firms

A tax on imported goods intended to make foreign products more expensive and protect domestic producers, employment, and developing industries

The Prussian-led customs union established in 1834 that removed many internal German tariffs, maintained a common external tariff, and strengthened Prussian leadership

List's 1841 argument that developing states should use protective tariffs, national infrastructure, and government support rather than simply adopt British free trade

Prussian industrial strength aided German unification, after which government support, banks, railways, technical education, and a unified market accelerated German heavy industry