AP®︎ European History: Topic 3.6 Flashcards

Post-1648 principle that states should use shifting alliances, war, and negotiated settlements to prevent any one power from dominating Europe

The principle that rulers should pursue the strategic interests of the state rather than religious solidarity

Dynastic interests advanced a ruling family’s inheritance and claims; state interests pursued strategic security, territory, commerce, and resources

Louis XIV’s 1672–1678 invasion of the Dutch Republic, which provoked a wider anti-French coalition and ended with French territorial gains

The 1678–1679 settlements ending the Dutch War; France gained Franche-Comté and fortified towns in the Spanish Netherlands

The 1688–1697 war in which a broad European alliance checked Louis XIV’s expansion along the Rhine

The 1697 settlement ending the Nine Years’ War; France surrendered several acquisitions and recognized William III as king of England

The 1701–1714 war fought to prevent Philip V’s inheritance of Spain from producing a union of the French and Spanish crowns

The 1713 settlement that kept Philip V in Spain but barred a Franco-Spanish union and redistributed European and colonial territories among the victors

The contractual right, granted to Britain at Utrecht, to supply enslaved Africans to Spanish America

Charles VI’s measure permitting his daughter Maria Theresa to inherit the Habsburg lands

The 1740–1748 conflict over Maria Theresa’s inheritance in which Prussia seized Silesia and emerged as a major Central European power

The 1748 settlement recognizing Maria Theresa’s control of most Habsburg lands while confirming Prussia’s possession of Silesia

The 1756 alliance reversal in which Austria allied with France while Britain allied with Prussia

The 1756–1763 global conflict in which Prussia survived a European coalition while Britain defeated France in major colonial and naval theaters

The 1763 settlement ending the central European phase of the Seven Years’ War and confirming Prussia’s possession of Silesia

The settlement ending much of the Seven Years’ War’s colonial conflict; Britain gained Canada and emerged as the leading naval and colonial power

The 1700–1721 war in which a Russian-led coalition defeated Sweden, ending Swedish Baltic supremacy and establishing Russia as a leading power

Russia’s 1709 victory over Sweden during the Great Northern War, contributing to Sweden’s decline and Russia’s rise

The 1721 settlement ending the Great Northern War and confirming Russia’s territorial gains along the Baltic

The 1683 defeat of the Ottoman siege of Vienna by a relief force led by John III Sobieski, ending sustained Ottoman expansion into Central Europe

The war following the Battle of Vienna in which the Habsburgs and their allies pushed the Ottomans back and gained much of Hungary

The 1699 settlement confirming major Habsburg territorial gains from the Ottoman Empire, including much of Hungary

The politically privileged Polish-Lithuanian nobility that defended its liberties against stronger royal authority

The representative assembly of Poland-Lithuania in which the nobility exercised extensive political power

The Polish rule allowing one Sejm deputy to block legislation and dissolve the assembly’s session

Polish reform constitution that limited the liberum veto and sought a stronger central government but was undermined by conservative opposition and Russian intervention

The 1772, 1793, and 1795 divisions of Poland-Lithuania by Russia, Prussia, and Austria, ending its independence after the Third Partition

The transformation toward infantry, firearms, mobile artillery, elaborate fortifications, standing armies, drill, and military administration requiring greater state resources

An infantry formation combining pikemen, who protected the unit, with firearm-equipped soldiers whose weapons reloaded slowly

The prominent Spanish pike-and-shot formation that supported Habsburg military power in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries

A more reliable, faster-firing musket that helped make firearm-equipped infantry the core of European armies

A bayonet fitted around a musket barrel so the weapon could still fire, allowing musketeers to replace separate pikemen

A low, thick, angled fortress with projecting bastions that provided overlapping defensive fire against artillery and assault

French military engineer who improved star fortifications and developed systematic siege methods along France’s frontiers

Swedish king noted for coordinating disciplined infantry fire, cavalry, and mobile artillery to make Sweden a major military power

A permanent state-maintained army with regular pay, standardized weapons, uniforms, drill, and command structures

A government organized to raise taxes and credit and convert them through bureaucracy into sustained military power