AP®︎ European History: Topic 9.14 Flashcards

Postwar philosophy emphasizing individual freedom, responsibility, alienation, and the creation of meaning through authentic choices in an apparently absurd world

French existentialist who argued that “existence precedes essence,” making individuals responsible for defining themselves through their choices

Writer associated with postwar existentialism who explored the absurd conflict between humanity’s search for meaning and an indifferent universe but rejected the existentialist label

Later-20th-century movement skeptical of universal truths and grand historical explanations, emphasizing fragmented, perspective-dependent meanings shaped by language, culture, and power

Modernist art movement that broke subjects into geometric forms and presented multiple viewpoints at once, rejecting unified Renaissance perspective

Italian movement celebrating machinery, speed, youth, violence, and modern urban dynamism, with some adherents later supporting fascism

World War I movement that used absurdity, chance, provocation, and anti-art to mock the supposedly rational civilization that had produced industrial slaughter

Movement influenced by psychoanalysis that represented dreams, unconscious desires, and irrational associations through unexpected, dreamlike imagery

Postwar movement emphasizing large abstract canvases, spontaneity, gesture, and the physical act of painting, centered especially in the United States

1950s–1960s movement using advertising, consumer goods, comics, and celebrities to blur elite and popular culture and ambiguously portray consumer society

German school founded by Walter Gropius that united art, craft, industrial design, and architecture through functional planning, geometric forms, and minimal ornament

Functional architecture using steel, glass, concrete, open interiors, and unornamented forms suited to industrial production and postwar reconstruction

Reaction against modernist uniformity that restored ornament, color, symbolism, historical references, irony, and mixtures of styles

Modernist composer whose dissonance, changing rhythms, and unexpected accents—especially in The Rite of Spring—challenged musical and theatrical conventions

Modernist composer who abandoned conventional tonality and developed the twelve-tone method to avoid a dominant tonal center

Music not organized around a conventional central key or tonal center

Schoenberg’s method of arranging all twelve chromatic notes into a sequence that structures a composition without privileging one tonal center

Composer who bridged late Romanticism and modernism through intense chromaticism, psychological themes, and unsettling operatic subjects

Modernist writer who portrayed individuals trapped in absurd, dehumanizing systems governed by mysterious and irrational bureaucratic rules

Modernist writer who used interior monologue, stream of consciousness, wordplay, and shifting styles to represent unstable individual perception

Modernist writer who used stream of consciousness to explore memory, identity, time, and gender while criticizing barriers to women’s intellectual achievement

Literary technique representing a character’s shifting flow of thoughts, memories, sensations, and perceptions rather than straightforward narration

Author of All Quiet on the Western Front, which portrayed industrial warfare through German soldiers’ fear, destruction, and disillusionment rather than heroism

Decline of religious observance and clerical authority in public and private life, despite organized religion’s continuing cultural and political influence

German Lutheran theologian who opposed Nazi control of the churches, joined resistance circles, and was executed by the regime in 1945

German pastor who moved from initial sympathy for Hitler to resisting Nazi control of Protestant churches and was imprisoned from 1938 to 1945

First Polish pope, elected in 1978, whose public support for Polish Catholic identity made him a major symbol of resistance to communism

Polish trade-union and social movement founded in 1980 that united workers, intellectuals, and Catholic supporters against the communist state

Catholic reform council of 1962–1965 that promoted vernacular worship, lay participation, religious liberty, ecumenism, and dialogue with Jews and other religions

Social order in which mass production, advertising, brands, leisure, and private consumption increasingly shape daily life, status, and personal identity

Sharp post-1945 rise in births caused by postponed marriages, demobilization, economic recovery, welfare support, and government encouragement of larger families

Government measures such as family allowances, tax benefits, maternity support, housing, and childcare intended to encourage higher birth rates

Postwar movements seeking equality and autonomy in education, employment, politics, family law, and reproductive life

Movements opposing criminalization, harassment, medical stigma, and discrimination while seeking legal recognition, protections, and marriage equality

Distinct postwar culture created by a large, educated, comparatively prosperous generation with greater access to leisure, travel, music, media, and consumer goods

International wave of student, worker, and intellectual protests against authoritarian institutions, capitalism, consumerism, war, and restrictive social conventions

French crisis in which student protests and university occupations triggered mass worker strikes, challenged de Gaulle’s government, and produced lasting cultural change