AP®︎ European History: Topic 6.2 Flashcards

Sustained reorganization of production around mechanization, factories, concentrated capital, specialized labor, fossil-fuel energy, and expanded markets and transportation

Replacement or supplementation of human and animal labor with machines

Production system concentrating workers and powered machinery under centralized management in factories

Production system in which merchants distributed raw materials to households for processing

Textile machine that allowed one worker to spin several threads at once

Water-powered machine that mechanized the spinning of thread

Textile machine that produced strong, fine thread by combining earlier spinning technologies

Powered machine that mechanized the weaving of cloth

Watt’s improvements made the steam engine more efficient and adaptable to factories, mines, and transportation

Accumulated wealth invested in production with the expectation of profit

The knowledge and skills possessed by engineers, inventors, artisans, entrepreneurs, and other workers

Temporary legal rights over inventions that encouraged innovation by allowing inventors to profit from their work

British tariffs and restrictions on imported grain that kept food prices high for landowners until their repeal in 1846

Organization of manufacturers and urban commercial interests that campaigned for repeal of the Corn Laws and freer trade

London exhibition displaying machinery, manufactures, and global raw materials to showcase Britain’s industrial supremacy

Prefabricated iron-and-glass building that housed the Great Exhibition and symbolized British engineering and mass production

The earliest major continental industrialization, aided by coal and iron, textiles, proximity to Britain, and access to markets

Government promotion of industry through infrastructure, technical schools, banks, trade policies, subsidies, concessions, and guarantees

A gradual, state-assisted industrialization in which factories and railroads expanded while workshops, household production, and small farming persisted

1860 British-French trade agreement that reduced tariffs on many goods and encouraged Anglo-French commerce

System tying peasants to the land and requiring labor or payments to landlords, restricting mobility, productivity, and purchasing power

Alexander II’s abolition of serfdom in the Russian Empire, removing a legal barrier to labor mobility but leaving many former serfs burdened by debt and land restrictions

Labor-intensive, minimally mechanized farming with limited fertilizer or crop rotation and production near subsistence

Economic hardship and food crises of the 1840s, when failed grain and potato harvests caused high prices, hunger, and unemployment

The 1845–1852 catastrophe in which potato blight, unequal landholding, and limited British relief caused about one million deaths and mass emigration