AP®︎ European History: Topic 2.5 Flashcards

Sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century Catholic revival and reform; “Catholic Reformation” stresses internal renewal, while “Counter-Reformation” stresses resistance to Protestantism

Intermittent Catholic council from 1545 to 1563 that reaffirmed Catholic doctrine, rejected Protestant claims, reformed clerical discipline, and required diocesan seminaries

Baptism, confirmation, Eucharist, penance, anointing of the sick, holy orders, and matrimony, all reaffirmed by the Council of Trent

Catholic teaching that the substance of Eucharistic bread and wine becomes Christ’s body and blood while its outward appearance remains unchanged

Diocesan institutions required by Trent to provide priests with systematic theological, doctrinal, and pastoral education

Centrally organized Catholic order approved in 1540 that strengthened Catholicism through education, preaching, political counsel, and global missions

Spanish former soldier who founded the Jesuits and promoted disciplined spirituality, education, obedience, and active service to the pope

Ignatius of Loyola’s structured program of meditation, prayer, self-examination, and decision-making intended to discipline the will for service to God

Spanish mystic who reformed the Carmelites into stricter Discalced communities emphasizing poverty, discipline, enclosure, and contemplative prayer

Women’s religious community founded by Angela Merici in 1535 and especially devoted to educating girls and strengthening Catholic family life

Papal system of tribunals established in 1542 to investigate heresy and enforce Catholic orthodoxy, especially in the Italian states

Catholic lists, first issued papally in 1559 and revised in 1564, restricting works judged heretical, immoral, or dangerous to the faith

Process by which early modern churches and governments promoted distinct doctrines, moral discipline, clerical supervision, and religious conformity