AP®︎ European History: Topic 2.1 Flashcards

The pre-Reformation ideal of western Europe as one Christian community under the Roman Catholic Church’s universal spiritual authority

The buying or selling of church offices

The practice of one person holding multiple church offices or benefices

A church officeholder’s collection of income without residing in or adequately serving the assigned territory

The advancement of relatives to church offices

A remission of temporal punishment remaining after sin’s guilt was forgiven, whose commercialization provoked criticism of church wealth and authority

The use of humanist textual scholarship and education to study Christian sources and promote moral and institutional reform, exemplified by Erasmus

Gutenberg’s mid-15th-century printing technology, which rapidly and cheaply spread standardized texts, vernacular ideas, and religious controversy

The durable coexistence of competing Christian confessions, including Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican, and Anabaptist communities

The process by which governments and churches defined, taught, and enforced a particular religious confession

Production and exchange organized around investment, credit, long-distance trade, and profit

The market-oriented use of land and labor to produce agricultural goods for sale and profit

The long-term 16th-century inflation fueled partly by population growth and American silver, with prices often rising faster than wages

A household centered on a married couple and their children, common in much of northwestern Europe

Communal festivals, leisure, rituals, and folk practices that could reinforce social norms or provide occasions to challenge authority

Noisy public ridicule of people believed to have violated community expectations concerning marriage, sexuality, or household authority

A communal festival that temporarily inverted hierarchy, mocked elites, and permitted controlled disorder

A state’s supreme authority within a defined territory and independence from external political control

Law whose authority increasingly came from territorial governments rather than universal papal or exclusively ecclesiastical jurisdiction

Bodin’s 1576 work arguing that political stability required a supreme and continuing lawmaking authority within the commonwealth

The 1648 settlements ending the Thirty Years’ War that strengthened territorial rulers and marked the effective collapse of universal Christendom