AP®︎ European History: Topic 9.11 Flashcards

Emigration is departure from a country; immigration is entry into one, so the same migrant can be both an emigrant and an immigrant

Push factors drive people from their origins, such as poverty or persecution; pull factors attract them elsewhere, such as jobs and higher wages

Exceptional Western European growth in the 1950s and 1960s that created labor shortages and attracted migrant workers

Movement of Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese, Greeks, and Yugoslavs to industrial jobs in northern and central Europe

Foreign workers recruited by West Germany as a supposedly temporary labor force, including Italians and, after 1961, Turks

Immigration by spouses, children, or other relatives joining migrants already settled in a destination country

Connections through which earlier migrants help later arrivals find information, transportation, housing, and employment

Migration from former colonies to European metropoles along enduring imperial, linguistic, economic, and personal connections

Ship whose 1948 arrival with Caribbean migrants became a symbol of postwar Commonwealth immigration to Britain

Law creating the status of Citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies and helping preserve relatively open Commonwealth migration

British law that began imposing tighter controls on immigration from the Commonwealth

Nationalist party founded in 1972 that linked immigration, especially from North Africa, to unemployment, crime, and declining French identity

Populist nationalist party prominent under Jörg Haider that opposed immigration and criticized aspects of European integration

The French republican principle of state secularism, central to disputes over religious expression in public institutions

An approach expecting immigrants to adopt the destination society’s language, civic culture, and public norms, often treating cultural or religious differences as private

An approach allowing or encouraging immigrant communities to retain distinct cultural practices within a shared political system

Immigrants’ social, economic, and political participation without necessarily abandoning all cultural differences

Large-scale movement from central and eastern Europe toward higher wages and opportunities in western Europe after communist restrictions collapsed

The principle allowing citizens of EU member states, under applicable rules, to live and work elsewhere in the union

The end of the postwar boom, marked by slower growth, inflation, and unemployment, which curtailed worker recruitment and intensified anti-immigrant politics

Organized opposition portraying immigrants as threats to jobs, welfare, public safety, culture, or national sovereignty

Immigration from North Africa, Turkey, South Asia, and elsewhere expanded Muslim communities in western and central Europe and intensified debates over religion in public life

A person who moves primarily to obtain employment

A person who has fled persecution, war, or comparable danger and receives a defined form of legal protection

A person who has requested protection from persecution or danger but has not yet received a final decision